Anti-viral paints and coatings and articles comprising same

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are material composition formulated for mitigating activity of a virus on a surface of an article. Methods of preparing such a material composition are also disclosed.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This divisional application claims priority to copending U.S.Non-provisional application Ser. No. 17/037,415 filed 29 Sep. 2020entitled “ANTI-VIRAL PAINTS AND COATINGS AND ARTICLES COMPRISING SAME,”which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/036,480filed 9 Jun. 2020 entitled “ANTI-VIRAL PAINTS AND COATINGS AND ARTICLESCOMPRISING SAME,” and as a continuation-in-part to U.S. Non-provisionalapplication Ser. No. 16/266,096 filed 3 Feb. 2019 entitled “ANTI-VIRALPAINTS AND COATINGS AND ARTICLES COMPRISING SAME,” all of which areincorporated herein in their entirety by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A. Field of the Invention

The composition may comprise a polymeric material such as a coating, aplastic, an elastomer, a composite, a laminate, an adhesive, or asealant; a surface treatment such as a textile finish or a wax, thatcomprises a bio-based anti-viral preservative such as an active enzymeor peptide that mitigates viral activity on surfaces or articles.

B. Description of the Related Art

A polymeric material such as a plastic, an elastomer, a composite, or alaminate, comprises a molecular polymer often to form a shaped materialtypically for a consumer or an industrial product. Antimicrobialcompounds (i.e., biocides, fungicides, algaecides, mildewcides, etc.)are currently available and approved for use in the U.S./NAFTA, Europe,and the Asia Pacific region for use with a material formulation such asa polymeric material, a surface treatment. The surface of the polymericmaterial may be subject to addition of a surface treatment such as acoating, an adhesive, a sealant, a textile finish, and/or a wax, with asurface treatment typically used, for example, to protect, decorate,attach, and/or seal a surface and/or the underlying material. Apolymeric material may comprise a surface treatment, such as in the caseof a coating comprising a polymer. An example of use of such itemscomprises a coating such as paint comprising a preservative for in-canpreservation from microbial infestation prior to forming a solidprotective, decorative, or functional adherent film on a surface of aplastic article.

A biomolecule comprises a molecule often produced and isolated from anorganism, such as an enzyme which catalyzes a chemical reaction. Anexample are lysozymes, which have widespread distribution in animals andplants. A lysozyme serves as a “natural antibiotic” protecting fluidsand tissues that are rich in potential food for bacterial growth, suchas an egg white. As a part of the innate defense mechanism, lysozyme maybe found in many mammalian secretions and tissues, saliva, tears, milk,cervical mucus, leucocytes, kidneys, etc. An example of an enzymecomprises a lipolytic enzyme (e.g., a lipase) that catalyzes a reactionon a lipid substrate, such as a component of a biological cell or virus.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In general, the invention features a material composition for mitigatingactivity of a virus on a surface (e.g., a coating) formed from thematerial composition where the material composition comprises alipolytic enzyme and a peptide dispersed within a coating material orpaint in respective sufficient quantities to mitigate activity of avirus that comes into contact with a surface formed from the materialcomposition, were such mitigation can be assessed as a function ofactivity of the virus itself, by activity of an analog of the virus or acombination thereof.

Further embodiments provide a method for mitigating activity of a viruson a surface (e.g., a coating) formed from an anti-viral materialcomposition where the method comprises preparing a polymeric material byadmixing a lipolytic enzyme and a peptide within a coating or paint toprovide the anti-viral material composition and forming a film of suchanti-viral material composition on the surface of the article, whereinthe lipolytic enzyme and a peptide are dispersed within polymericmaterial (e.g., a coating material or paint) in respective sufficientquantities to mitigate activity of a virus that comes into contact witha surface formed from the anti-viral material composition.

In certain embodiments, the lipolytic enzyme is at least one selectedfrom a lipase, a phospholipase A, a phospholipase C, and alysophospholipase. In some aspects, the peptidase is at least oneselected from a thermolysin, a trypsin, a chymotrypsin, and a chymosin.In other aspects, the saccharidase is at least one selected from aglycosidase, a beta mannanase, an endo mannanase, an alpha amylase, anda glucoamylase. In other embodiments, the reactive oxygen based compoundproducing biomolecule is at least one selected from a lactoferrin, aperoxidase, a glycose oxidase, and a laccase. In further embodiments,the cell wall disrupting biomolecule is at least one selected from alysozyme, a polygalacturonase, an endo glucanase, a beta glucanase, acellulase, a beta-mannosidase, and a nisin. In certain aspects, thebiomolecule that disrupts a component of a microbe produced biofilm isan alginate lysase. In some embodiments, the antibiological peptidicbiomolecule (e.g., a peptide) is at least one selected from AMP-6 (SEQID no. 34), AMP-7 (SEQ ID no. 40), SEQ ID no. 41, a melittin, and aduramycin. In some embodiments, the antibiological peptidic biomoleculeis at least one selected from AMP-6 (SEQ ID no. 34), AMP-7 (SEQ ID no.40), SEQ ID no. 41, AMP-LKLK (SEQ ID no. 200), a melittin, and aduramycin.

In other embodiments, the antibiological composition further comprisesat least one non-biologically based antibiological substance selectedfrom a preservative, an antimicrobial agent for a polymeric material,and a chelator. In particular facets, the chelator is EDTA.

In some embodiments, the virus (e.g., an enveloped virus) whose activityis mitigated by material composition in accordance with embodiments ofthe disclosures made herein may include a DNA virus such as aHerpesviridae (“herpesviruses”), a Poxviridae (“poxviruse”), and/or aBaculoviridae (“baculooviruses”); an RNA virus such as a Flaviviridae(“flavivirus”), a Togaviridae (“togavirus”), a Coronaviridae(“coronavirus”; e.g., Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome—“SARS”), aDeltaviridae (“deltavirus”; e.g., Hepatitis D), an Orthomyxoviridae(“orthomyxovirus”), a Paramyxoviridae (“paramyxovirus”), a Rhabdoviridae(“rhabdovirus”), a Bunyaviridae (“bunyavirus”), a Filoviridae(“filovirus”), and/or a Reoviridae (“Reovirus”); a retrovirus such as aRetroviridae (“retroviruses”), and/or a Hepadnaviridae (“hepadnavirus”);or a combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, the antibiological agents include at two tothirty antibiological agents, including any intermediate range (i.e.,integer) or combination thereof. In certain embodiments, theantibiological agents include at three antibiological agents, whereinthe at least three antibiological agents include at least one cell walldisrupting biomolecule and at least one reactive oxygen based compoundproducing biomolecule. In particular aspects the at least one cell walldisrupting biomolecule includes at least one of a lysozyme and a nisin.In other aspects, the at least one reactive oxygen based compoundproducing biomolecule includes at least one of a glucose oxidase and ahorseradish peroxidase. In some facets, the antibiological agents areSEQ ID no. 40, a lysozyme, a glucose oxidase and an alginate lyase. Inother facets, the antibiological agents are a nisin, a lysozyme, and ahorseradish peroxidase in combination with ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (“EDTA”) and 4-aminobenzamidine dihydrochloride (“ABHCl”).

In further embodiments, a polymeric material in accordance withembodiments of the disclosures made herein is a liquid coating that isused to form a cured film layer.

In other embodiments, a polymeric material in accordance withembodiments of the disclosures made herein undergoes curing to produce acured polymeric material, and wherein the cured film layer of thepolymeric material retains the anti-viral activity of the antibiologicalagents in a sufficient amount to mitigate activity of one or moreviruses in contact with a cured film layer of the polymeric material.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a set of visual microscopy images showing results of evaluatedcontrol and anti-viral coating compositions on infective enveloped virusparticles.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

For a further understanding of the nature and function of theembodiments, reference should be made to the following detaileddescription. Detailed descriptions of the embodiments are providedherein, as well as, the best mode of carrying out and employing thepresent invention. It will be readily appreciated that the embodimentsare well adapted to carry out and obtain the ends and features mentionedas well as those inherent therein. It is to be understood, however, thatthe present invention may be embodied in various forms. Therefore,specific details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting,but rather as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis forteaching to employ the present invention in virtually any appropriatelydetailed system, structure or manner. Other features will be readilyapparent from the following detailed description; specific examples andclaims; and various changes, substitutions, other uses and modificationsthat may be made to the embodiments disclosed herein without departingfrom the scope and spirit of the invention or as defined by the scope ofthe appended claims.

It should be understood that a preservative(s), biomoleculecomposition(s), coating(s), paint(s), polymeric material(s), materialformulation(s), compound(s), method(s), procedure(s), and technique(s)described herein are presently representative of various embodiments.These techniques are intended to be exemplary, are given by way ofillustration only, and are not intended as limitations on the scope. Allpatents and publications mentioned in this specification are hereinincorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individualpublication was specifically and individually indicated to beincorporated by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 14/097,128,12/696,651, 12/474,921, 12/243,755, and 10/884,355 and U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Nos. 62/626,044, 61/148,502, 61/057,705, 61/058,025;60/485,234, 60/976,676, and 60/409,102 are each specificallyincorporated by reference.

As used herein other than the claims, the terms “a,” “an,” “the,” and/or“said” means one or more. As used herein in the claim(s), when used inconjunction with the words “comprise,” “comprises” and/or “comprising,”the words “a,” “an,” “the,” and/or “said” may mean one or more than one.As used herein and in the claims, the terms “having,” “has,” “is,”“have,” “including,” “includes,” and/or “include” has the same meaningas “comprising,” “comprises,” and “comprise.” As used herein and in theclaims “another” may mean at least a second or more. As used herein andin the claims, “about” refers to any inherent measurement error or arounding of digits for a value (e.g., a measured value, calculated valuesuch as a ratio), and thus the term “about” may be used with any valueand/or range.

The phrase “a combination thereof” “a mixture thereof” and such likefollowing a listing, the use of “and/or” as part of a listing, a listingin a table, the use of “etc.” as part of a listing, the phrase “suchas,” and/or a listing within brackets with “e.g.,” or “i.e.,’ refers toany combination (e.g., any sub-set) of a set of listed components, andcombinations and/or mixtures of related species and/or embodimentsdescribed herein though not directly placed in such a listing are alsocontemplated. For example, compositions described as an preservativesuitable for use in a coating described in different sections of thespecification may be claimed individually and/or as a combination, asthey are part of the same genera of preservative (e.g., a coatingpreservative). Such related and/or like genera(s), sub-genera(s),specie(s), and/or embodiment(s) described herein are contemplated bothin the form of an individual component that may be claimed, as well as amixture and/or a combination that may be described in the claims as, forexample, “at least one selected from,” “a mixture thereof” and/or “acombination thereof.”

In various embodiments described herein, exemplary values are specifiedas a range, and all intermediate range(s), subrange(s), combination(s)of range(s) and individual value(s) (e.g., an integer, a fraction, etc.)within a cited range are contemplated and included herein. For example,citation of a range “0.03% to 0.07%” provides specific values within thecited range, such as, for example, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, and0.07%, as well as various combinations of such specific values, such as,for example, 0.03%, 0.06% and 0.07%, 0.04% and 0.06%, and/or 0.05% and0.07%, as well as sub-ranges such as 0.03% to 0.05%, 0.04% to 0.07%,and/or 0.04% to 0.06%, etc. In another example, a range of “0.0001% to20.0%” provides specific values and sub-ranges such as “8.5%,” and “11.3to 18.9%.” Example 40 provides additional descriptions of specificnumeric values within any cited range that may be used for an integer,intermediate range(s), subrange(s), combinations of range(s) andindividual value(s) within a cited range, including in the claims.

Some terms often have different meanings for different material typesand/or uses being described, and the meaning applicable to the materialshould be applied as appropriate in the context, as understood in theapplicable art. For example, in the context of a polymeric material,other than a coating, a “film” (“polymeric film”) of a polymericmaterial refers to a planar form (i.e., a large width and large lengthrelative to thickness) capable of being flexed, creased withoutcracking, folded, or a combination thereof, while being self-supporting(e.g., a plastic wrap), though such a film may also be treated with asurface treatment (e.g., coated with a coating). A polymeric filmcomprises from about 5 μm to about 250 μm thick (e.g., about 10 μm toabout 180 μm thick), while a plastic sheet (“sheeting”) refers to aplanar form having a thickness of about 250 μm to about 250 mm thick.Thus, a “film,” for example, in the plastic art being described and/orclaimed in the context of a plastic differs in composition, meaning,manufacture process, function and/or purpose than a “film” in a coating(e.g., a paint) art. In another example, a “cell” in a biological artrefers to the smallest unit of living matter, while a “cell” in apolymeric material art (e.g., a plastic art, an elastomer art) refers toa void in a polymeric material to produce a solid foam material (e.g., aplastic foam, an elastomer foam material). A surface comprises the outerlayer of any solid object. The term “substrate,” in the context of acoating, may be synonymous with the term “surface.” However, as“substrate” has a different meaning in the art of enzymology, a chemicalthat undergoes an accelerated chemical reaction upon contact with anenzyme, the term “surface” may be preferentially used herein forclarity. In such instances, the appropriate definition and/or meaningfor the term should be applied in accordance with the context of theterm's use in light of the present disclosures.

In many embodiments, the compositions and methods herein may producematerials (“material formulations”) (e.g., compositions, manufacturedarticles, etc) with a bioactivity. The disclosures herein describevarious embodiments where a biomolecule's activity (e.g., an enzyme'scatalytic reaction, a peptide's antimicrobial activity) may be conferredto a material via incorporation of a biomolecule into and/or upon thesurface of the material to confer a property to a material, alter aproperty of a material, and/or maintain a property of a material.

As used herein, a biomolecule (“biomolecule composition,” “biomolecularcomposition”) refers to a molecule (e.g., a compound) typicallysynthesized in living organisms, with examples of such biomoleculesincluding but not limited to, an amino acid, a proteinaceous molecule(e.g., an enzyme, an antibody, a receptor, a transport protein,structural protein, an antibiological proteinaceous molecule), anucleotide, a nucleic acid, a saccharide (e.g., a sugar), apolysaccharide, a lipid, a colorant (e.g., a chlorophyll), or acombination thereof. A biomolecule typically comprises one or morechemical moiety(s) [“specie(s),” “group(s),” “functionality(s),”“functional group(s)”] such as an amine, a carboxylic acid, a hydroxyl,an ester, a double bond, etc. that may be chemically reactive (e.g.,reacted with a coupling agent) and/or acted upon contact with anotherbiomolecule (e.g., an enzyme that acts on a hydroxyl moiety). An enzymerefers to a proteinaceous molecule that possesses the ability toaccelerate a chemical reaction, typically acting one or morebiomolecule(s) (e.g., a lipid, a proteinaceous molecule, apolysaccharide, etc.). As used herein a “proteinaceous molecule,”proteinaceous composition,” and/or “peptidic agent” comprises a polymerformed from one or more amino acid(s), such as a peptide (i.e., about 3to about 100 amino acids), a polypeptide (i.e., about 101 or more aminoacids, such as about 50,000 or more amino acids), and/or a protein. Asused herein a “protein” may comprise a proteinaceous molecule comprisinga contiguous molecular sequence three amino acids or greater in length,matching the length of a biologically produced proteinaceous moleculeencoded by the genome of an organism.

In some embodiments, a biomolecule composition comprises a biomolecule(e.g., an enzyme, a peptide) that acts upon a lipid (e.g., a lipolyticenzyme), a protein (e.g., a peptidase, a protease), a polysaccharide(e.g., a polysaccharidase), a cell wall (e.g., a lysozyme), or acombination thereof, to confer an antibiological agent property to amaterial formulation (e.g., a coating), a manufactured article, adevice, a composition, etc. Various such biomolecules described hereinor as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of thepresent disclosures, including those having an antibiological property,may be used.

In the context of a biomolecule composition, active or bioactive refersto the effect of biomolecule, such as to retain function upon and/orwithin a material formulation. In one example, a coating stored incontainer a bioactive enzyme to accelerate a chemical reaction (e.g.,degrading a biomolecule from a living cell to produce an antibiologicalactivity) within or upon the body of the coating differentiating suchactivity from a like ability of a coating that does not comprise anenzyme to accelerate a chemical reaction. An effective amount refers toa concentration of component (e.g., a biomolecule composition) of amaterial formulation capable of exerting a desired effect (e.g., anantibiological activity).

Examples of a material formulation that may comprise a biomoleculecomposition include a polymeric material, a surface treatment, a filler,or a combination thereof. For example, in many preferred embodiments, abiomolecule composition, may confer a property to, alter a property ofand/or maintain a property of, a material formulation. Examples of aproperty that may be conferred, altered and/or maintained includeresistance to a microorganism, resistance to biodegradation, enzymaticactivity upon contact with a substrate of an enzyme, resistance toaging, consistent performance sustained over an extended period of time(e.g., service life), or a combination thereof. Numerous examples ofcomponent(s) (e.g., polymers, binders, liquid components, additives,coloring agents, etc.) of that are combined to prepared certain materialformulations (e.g., a coating, a polymeric material) are describedherein, and inclusion of a biomolecule composition may confer, alterand/or maintain a property to such a component, and may also confer,alter, and/or maintain such a property in later prepared materialformulation comprising such a component.

In preferred embodiments, the biomolecule composition is anantibiological agent, which as used herein refers to a biomoleculecomposition possessing an antibiological activity that may be conferredto a material formulation. An antibiological agent may act by treatingan infestation, preventing infestation, inhibiting infestation (e.g.,preventing cell attachment), inhibiting growth, preventing growth,lysing, and/or killing; a biological entity such as a cell and/or avirus (e.g., one or more genera and/or species of a cell and/or avirus). Thus, some embodiments comprise a process for treating aninfestation, preventing infestation, inhibiting infestation (e.g.,preventing cell attachment), inhibiting growth, preventing growth,lysing, and/or killing a cell and/or a virus (e.g., a fungal cell, abacterial cell) comprising contacting the cell and/or the virus with amaterial formulation (e.g., a paint, a coating composition, abiomolecule composition) comprising at least one biomolecule composition(e.g., a biologically produced molecule and/or based on molecule basedon biochemistry such as a chemically synthesized peptide). Possiblemodes of action by which an antibiological agent exert their effect(s)(e.g., an inhibitory effect, a fungicidal effect), may include, forexample, destabilizing a cellular (e.g., a fungal cell) membrane (e.g.,perturb membrane functions responsible for osmotic balance); adisruption of macromolecular synthesis (e.g., cell wall biosynthesis)and/or metabolism; disruption of appressorium formation; damage to oneor more biomolecule component(s) of a biological cell or virus (e.g.,via production of a toxin such as an reactive oxygen species), or acombination thereof. (see, for example, Fiedler, et al., J. Chem.Technol. Biotechnol., 32:271-280, 1982; Isono, K. and S. Suzuki.Heterocycles 13:333-351, 1979; Zasloff, M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA84:5449-5453, 1987; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/601,207).

An antibiological agent (e.g., an antimicrobial agent, an antifoulingagent) may act on a biological entity such as a biological cell and/or abiological virus, such as for example a biological entity that contacts(e.g., a surface contact, an internal incorporation, an infiltration, aninfestation) a material formulation. Examples of a cell include aprokaryotic cell and/or an eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, anantibiological agent functions by binding a biomolecule of a biologicalentity to disrupt the function of the biomolecule, such as, for examplean enzyme cleaving a cellular biomolecule important in adherence to asurface; a peptide associating with and disrupting a cellular membraneimportant in metabolic function and/or the physical integrity of a cell;etc. In many embodiments, a cellular component such as component of acell wall, a viral component (e.g., a viral proteinaceous molecule),and/or a cellular membrane may comprise a target of an antibiologicalagent. Examples of such a cell wall, a viral proteinaceous molecule,and/or a cellular membrane biomolecule component includes apeptidoglycan, a pseudopeptidoglycan, a teichoic acid, a teichuronicacid, a cellulose, a neutral polysaccharide, a chitin, an argarose, amannin, a glucan, a proteinaceous molecule, a lipid (e.g., aphospholipid), or a combination thereof. For example, many proteinaceousmolecule(s) have antibiological properties, such as an antibiologicalpeptide, antibiological polypeptide, an antibiological enzyme, and/or anantibiological protein. In a further example, a lipolytic enzyme such asa phospholipase and/or an antimicrobial peptide that acts to compromisethe integrity of a cell membrane, may allow ease of access for one ormore enzyme(s) that degrade a cell wall component, and/or allow ease ofaccess for non-biomolecule antibiological composition (e.g., apreservative) to act as well. For the purposes of preparing and using anactive antibiological agent (e.g., an antifungal agent), used in amaterial formulation (e.g., a paint, a coating composition), it may notbe necessary to understand the mechanism by which the desiredantibiological (effect is exerted on a cell and/or a virus).

In some aspects, such an antibiological agent may possess a biocidaland/or a biostatic activity. For example, an antimicrobial and/or anantifouling enzyme may act as a biocide and/or a biostatic. In someembodiments, an antibiological agent may inhibit growth of a cell and/ora virus, which refers to cessation and/or reduction of cell (e.g., afungal cell) and/or viral proliferation, and can also include inhibitionof expression of cellularly produced proteins in a static cell colony.For example, a coating comprising an antimicrobial agent may act againsta microbial cell and/or a virus adapted for growth in a non-marineenvironment and/or does not produces fouling; while a coating comprisingan antifouling agent may act against a marine cell that producesfouling. In some embodiments, an antibiological agent may not possessantifouling properties, and vice versa. In another example, a virus maybe a target of such an antibiological agent, as the virus (e.g., amembrane enveloped virus) may comprise a biomolecule target of anantibiological agent (e.g., an enzyme, an antibiological proteinaceousmolecule such as a peptide).

In a further example, a biomolecule composition possessing anantibiological activity (e.g., biocidal activity, biostatic activity,etc.) may be incorporated separately into one or more components ofsurface treatment (e.g., a coating, a textile finish) and conferantibiological activity to those components prior to, during, and/orafter admixing to form a surface treatment. That prepared materialformulation of a surface treatment in many embodiments will also possessantibiological activity conferred from the biomolecule compositionduring storage (e.g., in-can coating storage). In another example, abiomolecule composition possessing an antibiological property may beadmixed with the material formulation with or without priorincorporation of a biomolecule composition to one or more components ofthe material formulation. In an additional example, the surface of amanufactured article, a device, a material formulation, etc., having amaterial formulation comprising a biomolecule composition (e.g., asurface treatment) applied to the surface would also possess suchproperty(s), such as for example a cured film possessing antibiologicalproperty to protect the film and/or material the film whose surface thefilm is adhered. Thus, in many preferred embodiments, a materialformulation may comprise an antibiological agent by being formulated,prepared, processed, post-cured processed, manufactured, and/or applied(e.g., applied to a surface), in a fashion to be suitable to possess anantibiological activity and/or function (e.g., an antimicrobialactivity, an antifouling activity).

In other embodiments, a biomolecule composition may possess aself-cleaning bioactivity, and may confer such a self-cleaning propertyto a material formulation comprising such a biomolecule composition. Asused herein, self-cleaning bioactivity includes conversion of a chemical(e.g., a biomolecule) into a product that is less adherent (e.g., easierto remove with washing), and/or retards infestation (e.g., adherence toa surface, growth upon a surface) of a biological entity (e.g., abiological cell, a virus). In many embodiments, a biomoleculecomposition possesses one of or both antibiological and self-cleaningproperty(s).

In various embodiments, a target cell and/or a target virus may becapable of infesting an inanimate object (e.g., a building material, anindoor structure, an outdoor structure). An “inanimate object” refers tostructures and objects other than a living cell (e.g., a livingorganism). Examples of an inanimate object include an architecturalstructure that may comprise a painted and/or an unpainted surface suchas the exterior wall of a building; the interior wall of a building; anindustrial equipment; an outdoor sculpture; an outdoor furniture; aconstruction material for indoor and/or outdoor use such as a wood, astone, a brick, a wall board (e.g., a sheetrock), a ceiling tile, aconcrete, an unglazed tile, a stucco, a grout, a roofing tile, ashingle, a painted and/or a treated wood, a synthetic compositematerial, a leather, a textile, or a combination thereof. Such aninanimate object (e.g., a plastic building material, a wood coated witha surface treatment) may comprise a material formulation. Examples of abuilding material includes a conventional and/or a non-conventionalindoor and/or an outdoor construction and/or a decorative material, suchas a wood; a sheet-rock (e.g., a wallboard); a paper and/or vinyl coatedwallboard; a fabric (e.g., a textile); a carpet; a leather; a ceilingtile; a cellulose resin wall board (e.g., a fiberboard); a stone; abrick; a concrete; an unglazed tile; a stucco; a grout; a paintedsurface; a roofing tile; a shingle; a cellulose-rich material; amaterial capable of providing nutrient(s) to a cell (e.g., fungi) and/ora virus, capable of harboring nutrient material(s) and/or supporting abiological (e.g., a fungal) infestation; or a combination thereof.

One or more cells (e.g., a fungus) and/or viruses may, for example,infest, survive upon, survive within, grow on the surface, and/or growwithin, an inanimate object. Such a target cell and/or a target virus(e.g., a fungal cell) include those that can infest and/or survive uponand/or within: an inanimate object such as an indoor structure, anoutdoor structure, a building material, or a combination thereof, andmay cause defacement (e.g., deterioration or discoloration), odor,environment hazards, and other undesirable effects.

A material (e.g., an object) may be susceptible (“prone”) to infestationby a cell and/or a virus when it is capable of serving as a food sourcefor a cell (e.g., the material comprises a substance that serves as afood source). It is contemplated that any described formulation of acell and/or a virus (e.g., a fungus) prone material formulation may bemodified to incorporate an antibiological agent (e.g., an antifungalpeptidic agent). For example, in the context of a paint or coatingcomposition, a fungal-prone material may comprise a binder comprising acarbon-based polymer that serves as a nutrient for a fungus, and acoating comprising the binder as a component may also comprise anantibiological agent. In another example, a susceptible materialformulation such as a grout and/or a caulk that may be in frequentcontact with or constantly exposed to fungal nutrients and moisture maycomprise an antibiological agent effective against a fungus on and/orwithin the susceptible material formulation (e.g., a surface).

Antibiological agent activity (e.g., growth inhibition, biocidalactivity) can provide and/or facilitate disinfection, decontaminationand/or sanitization of an material and/or an object (e.g., an inanimateobject, a building material), which refer to the process of reducing thenumber of cell(s) (e.g., a fungus microorganism) and/or viruses tolevels that no longer pose a threat (e.g., a threat to property, athreat to the health of a desired organism such as human). Use of abioactive antifungal agent can be accompanied by removal (e.g., manualremoval, machine aided removal) of the cell(s) and/or the virus(s).

In another example, a material formulation (e.g., a surface treatment)comprising an antimicrobial agent may be used in an application such asa hospital and/or a health care application, such as reducing and/orpreventing a hospital-acquired infection (e.g., a so-called “super bugs”infection); and/or reducing (e.g., reducing the spread) and/orpreventing infection(s) (e.g., a viral infection such as SARS); as wellas a hygienic surface application (e.g., an antimicrobial cleaner, anantimicrobial utensil, an antimicrobial food preparation surface, anantimicrobial coating system); reducing and/or preventing foodpoisoning; or a combination thereof. Examples of a strain of bacteriathat may be resistant to a conventional antibiotic, such as aStaphylococcus [e.g., a Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(“MRSA”)], a Streptococcus bacteria, and/or a Vero-cytotoxin producingvariants of Escherichia coli.

The selection of a biomolecule composition for incorporation into amaterial formulation to confer a antibiological property, a manufacturedarticle having a surface treatment and/or surface with such anantibiological property, a device having a surface treatment and/orsurface with such an antibiological property, etc. may be based on thebioactivity of the biomolecule composition. Methods for assaying and/orselecting an antibiological biomolecule composition are described hereinas well as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,020,312; 5,885,782; and 5,602,097, andpatent application Ser. Nos. 10/884,355 and 11/368,086, such as, forexample, contacting a material formulation (e.g., a coating) comprisinga proteinaceous molecule with a biological cell and measuring growthover time relative to a like material formulation comprising less or noselected proteinaceous molecule content. For example, a fungal cell maybe used in assaying and/or screening for an antifungal composition(e.g., a peptide library), may comprise a fungal organism known to, orsuspected of, infesting a vulnerable material(s) and/or surface(s)(e.g., a construction material). Such methods may be used to assayand/or screen, for example, antifungal activity against a wide varietyof fungus genera and species, such as in the case of selecting acomposition comprising a broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Similarmethods may be used to identify particular antibiological agent(s)(e.g., a peptide, a plurality peptides) that target specific fungusgenera or species. Examples of such a fungal cell often used in such anassay include members of the genera Stachybotrys (especiallyStachybotrys chartarum), Aspergillus species (sp.), Penicillium sp.,Fusarium sp., Alternaria dianthicola, Aureobasidium pullulans (akaPullularia pullulans), Phoma pigmentivora and Cladosporium sp, though anassay may be adapted for other cell(s). In another example, aproteinaceous molecule (e.g., a peptide) may be effective (e.g., inhibitgrowth, treat infestation, etc.) against a cell (e.g., a fungal cell, abacterial cell) and/or a virus from a genera and/or a species of, forexample, an Alternaria (e.g., an Alternaria dianthicola), an Aspergillus[(e.g., an Aspergillus species (sp.), an Aspergillus fumigatus, anAspergillus Parasiticus], an Aureobasidium (e.g., an Aureobasidiumpullulans a.k.a. a Pullularia pullulans), a Candida; a Ceratocystis(e.g., a Ceratocystis fagacearum), a Cladosporium (e.g., a Cladosporiumsp.), a Fusarium (e.g., a Fusarium sp., a Fusarium oxysporum, a FusariamSambucinum), a Magaporthe (e.g., a Magaporthe Aspergillus nidulans), aMycosphaerella, a Penicillium (e.g., a Penicillium sp.), a Phoma (e.g.,a Phoma pigmentivora), a Pphiostoma (e.g., a Pphiostoma ulmi), a Pythium(e.g., a Pythium ultimum, a Rhizoctonia (e.g., Rhizoctonia Solani), aStachybotrys (e.g., a Stachybotrys chartarum), or a combination thereof.Cell and/or viral culture conditions may be modified appropriately toprovide favorable growth and proliferation conditions, using thetechniques of the art, and to assay and/or screen for activity against atarget cell (e.g., a bacteria, an algae, etc.) and/or a virus. Forexample, any suitable peptide/polypeptide/protein screening method inthe art may be used to identify an antibiological proteinaceous molecule(e.g., an antifungal peptide) for an assay as active antibiologicalagent (e.g., an antifungal agent) in a material formulation (e.g., apaint, a coating material, a biomolecule composition). For example, anin vitro method to determine bioactivity of a peptide, such as a peptidefrom a synthetic peptide combinational library, may be used (Furka, A.,et al. Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 37:487, 1991; Houghten, R. A., et al.Nature 354:84, 1991; Houghten, R. A., et al. BioTechniques 13:412,1992).

An antibiological agent may be combined with any other antibiologicalcomposition described herein and/or known in the art, such as apreservative (e.g., a chemical biocide, a chemical biostatic)traditionally used in a surface treatment (e.g., a coating, a paint)and/or an antimicrobial composition (e.g., a chemical biocide, achemical biostatic) traditionally used in a polymeric material (e.g., aplastic, a composite, etc). For example, one or more antibiologicalagent(s) (e.g., an antifungal peptidic agent, an enzyme) may be used incombination with and/or as a substitute for one or more existingantibiological composition (e.g., a preservative, an antimicrobialagent, a fungicide, a fungistatic, a bactericide, an algaecide, etc.)identified herein and/or in the art. Examples of an antibiologicalcomposition that an antibiological agent (e.g., an antimicrobialproteinaceous molecule, an antifungal peptidic agent, an antimicrobialenzyme) may substitute for and/or be combined include, but are notlimited to those non-peptidic antimicrobial compounds (i.e., biocides,fungicides, algaecides, mildewcides, etc.) which have been shown to beof utility and are currently available and approved for use in theU.S./NAFTA, Europe, and the Asia Pacific region, and numerous examplesare described herein for use with a material formulation such as apolymeric material, a surface treatment (e.g., a coating), etc. Somesuch combinations of antibiological agent(s) and/or combinations withanother antibiological compositions may provide an advantage such as abroader range of activity against various organisms (e.g., a bacteria,an algae, a fungi, etc.), a synergistic antibiological and/orpreservative effect, a longer duration of effect, or a combinationthereof. For example, a fungal prone composition and/or a surface coatedwith such a composition are also susceptible to damage by a variety oforganisms, and a combination of antibiological agent(s) andantibiological composition(s) may protect against the variety oforganisms. In another example of a combination, an antibiological agent(e.g., an antimicrobial agent and/or an antifouling agent) comprising anenzyme (e.g., an antimicrobial enzyme, an antifouling enzyme) and/or apeptide (e.g., an antifouling peptide, an antimicrobial peptide, anantifungal peptide, an antialgae peptide, an antibacterial peptide, anantimildew peptide, etc) may be used alone or in combination with one ormore additional antibiological composition(s) (e.g., an antimicrobialagent, an antifouling agent, a preservative, a biocide, a biostaticagent) and/or technique (see for example, Baldridge, G. D. et al,Current Microbiology 51:233-238, 2005; Hancock, R. E. W. and Scott, M.G. PNAS 97(16): 8856-8861, 2000).

In particular aspects, an antimicrobial agent peptide comprisesProteCoat® (Reactive Surfaces, Ltd.; also described in U.S. Pat. Nos.6,020,312; 5,885,782; and 5,602,097, and patent application Ser. Nos.10/884,355 and 11/368,086). For example, certain peptides contemplatedfor use (e.g., ProteCoat®; Reactive Surfaces, Ltd.) as described hereinhave been shown to involve synergy between the peptides (e.g.,antifungal peptides) and non-peptide antifungal composition(s) that maybe useful in controlling growth of a Fusarium, a Rhizoctonia, aCeratocystis, a Pythium, a Mycosphaerella, an Aspergillus and/or aCandida genera of fungi. In particular, synergistic combinations havebeen described and successfully used to inhibit the growth of anAspergillus fumigatus and an A. paraciticus, and also an Fusariumoxysporum with respect to agricultural applications. These and othersynergistic combinations of peptide agent(s) and non-peptidecompositions(s) may be useful as, for example, a component (e.g., anadditive) in a material formulation (e.g., a paint, a coating) such asfor deterring, preventing, and/or treating a fungal infestation forin-can use and/or after application of a material formulation to asurface.

In some aspects, an antibiological agent (e.g., an antimicrobial agent,an antifouling agent) and/or technique comprises a detergent (e.g., anonionic detergent, a zwitterionic detergent, an ionic detergent), suchas 3-[(3-Cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (“CHAPS”)(zwitterionic), a Triton X series detergent (nonionic), and/or a SDS(ionic); a basic protein such as a protamine; a cationic polysaccharidesuch as chitosan; a metal ion chelator such as EDTA; or a combinationthereof, all of which have may have effectiveness against a lipidcellular membrane, and may be incorporated into a material formulationand/or used in a washing composition (e.g., a washing solution, awashing suspension, a washing emulsion) applied to a materialformulation. For example, a material formulation comprising anantimicrobial peptide and an antimicrobial enzyme may be washed with acommercial washing solution that may also comprise an antimicrobialpeptide. In another example, an additional preservative, an biocide, anbiostatic composition, or a combination thereof, comprises anon-peptidic antimicrobial composition, a non-amino based antimicrobialagent, a compounded peptide antimicrobial agent, an enzyme-basedantimicrobial agent, or a combination thereof, such as those describedin U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/865,514 filed Oct. 1, 2007,incorporated by reference. In another example, an antibiological agent(e.g., an antimicrobial agent, an antifouling agent) may comprisecomponents such as a Protecoat® combined with a non-peptidicantimicrobial composition, a non-amino based antimicrobial composition,a compounded peptide antimicrobial agent, an enzyme-based antimicrobialagent, or a combination thereof, and an improved (e.g., additive,synergistic) effect may occur, so that the concentration of one or morecomponents of the antibiological material (i.e., an antibiologicalagent, an antibiological composition, or a combination thereof) may bereduced relative to the component's use alone or in a combinationcomprising fewer components. In some embodiments, the concentration ofany individual antibiological material's component(s) (e.g., anantimicrobial component, an antifouling component) comprises about0.000000001% to about 20% (e.g., about 0.000000001% to about 4%) ormore, of a material formulation, an antibiological agent (e.g., anantimicrobial agent, an antifouling agent), a washing composition, or acombination thereof.

In some aspects, a biological entity that may be a target of anantibiological agent comprises an Animalia (“animal”) cell, a Plantae(“plant”) cell, an Archaea (“Archaebacteria”) cell, an Eubacteria(“bacteria”) cell, a Fungi (“fungi”) cell, a Protista (“protists”) cell,a virus (e.g., an enveloped virus), or a combination thereof.

An Archaea typically comprises a cell wall comprising apseudopeptidoglycan, a peptide, a polypeptide, a protein (e.g., aglycoprotein), or a combination thereof. Examples of an Archaea genusincludes an Acidianus, an Acidilobus, an Aeropyrum, an Archaeoglobus, aCaldivirga, a Desulfurococcus, a Ferroglobus, a Ferroplasma, aHaloarcula, a Halobacterium, a Halobaculum, a Halococcus, a Haloferax, aHalogeometricum, a Halomicrobium, a Halorhabdus, a Halorubrum, aHaloterrigena, a Hyperthermus, an Ignicoccus, a Metallosphaera, aMethanobacterium, a Methanobrevibacter, a Methanocalculus, aMethanocaldococcus, a Methanococcoides, a Methanococcus, aMethanocorpusculum, a Methanoculleus, a Methanofollis, a Methanogenium,a Methanohalobium, a Methanohalophilus, a Methanolacinia, aMethanolobus, a Methanomicrobium, a Methanomicrococcus, a Methanoplanus,a Methanopyrus, a Methanosaeta, a Methanosalsum, a Methanosarcina, aMethanosphaera, a Methanospirillum, a Methanothermobacter, aMethanothermococcus, a Methanothermus, a Methanothrix, a Methanotorris,a Natrialba, a Natronobacterium, a Natronococcus, a Natronomonas, aPalaeococcus, a Picrophilus, a Pyrobaculum, a Pyrococcus, a Pyrodictium,a Pyrolobus, a Staphylothermus, a Stetteria, a Stygiolobus, aSulfolobus, a Sulfophobococcus, a Sulfurisphaera, a Thermococcus, aThermofilum, a Thermoplasma, a Thermoproteus, a Thermosphaera, aVulcanisaeta, or a combination thereof.

An Eubacteria typically comprises a cell wall comprising apeptidoglycan, a peptide, a polypeptide, a protein (e.g., aglycoprotein), a lipid, or a combination thereof. Often, the members ofthe Eubacteria phyla are divided into Gram-positive Eubacteria orGram-negative Eubacteria (e.g., Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria,Spirochetes) based on biochemical and structural differences between thecell wall and/or an associated a phospholipid bilayer (“cell membrane”)of the organism(s). A “Gram-positive Eubacteria” (“Gram-positivebacteria”) refers to an Eubacteria comprising a cell wall that typicallystains positive with Gram stain reaction (see, for example, Scherrer,R., 1984) and may not be surrounded by an outer cell membrane. A Grampositive bacteria generally have a cell wall composed of a thick layerof peptidoglycan overlaid by a thinner layer of techoic acid. A“Gram-negative Eubacteria” (“Gram negative bacteria”) refers toEubacteria comprising a cell wall that typically stains negative withGram stain reaction and may be surrounded by a second lipid bilayer(“outer cell membrane”). Gram negative bacteria have a thinner layer ofpeptidoglycan. A few types of Gram-negative Eubacteria do not stain wellusing a standard Gram stain procedure. However, these bacteria may beclassified as a Gram-negative Eubacteria by the presence of an outercell membrane, a morphological feature typically not present in aGram-positive Eubacteria.

Examples of a Gram-positive Eubacteria comprise an Acetobacterium, anActinokineospora, an Actinomadura, an Actinomyces, an Actinoplanes, anActinopolyspora, an Actinosynnema, an Aerococcus, an Aeromicrobium, anAgromyces, an Amphibacillus, an Amycolatopsis, an Arcanobacterium, anArthrobacter, an Aureobacterium, a Bacillus, a Bifidobacterium, aBrachybacterium, a Brevibacterium, a Brochothrix, a Carnobacterium, aCaryophanon, a Catellatospora, a Cellulomonas, a Clavibacter, aClostridium, a Coprococcus, a Coriobacterium, a Corynebacterium, aCurtobacterium, a Dactylosporangium, a Deinobacter, a Deinococcus, aDermabacter, a Dermatophilus, a Desulfotomaculum, an Enterococcus, anErysipelothrix, an Eubacterium, an Exiguobacterium, a Falcivibrio, aFrankia, a Gardnerella, a Gemella, a Geodermatophilus, a Glycomyces, aGordonia, an Intrasporangium, a Jonesia, a Kibdelosporangium, aKineosporia, a Kitasatospora, a Kurthia, a Lactobacillus, a Lactococcus,a Leuconostoc, a Listeria, a Marinococcus, a Melissococcus, aMicrobacterium, a Microbispora, a Micrococcus, a Micromonospora, aMicrotetraspora, a Mobiluncus, a Mycobacterium, a Nocardia, aNocardioides, a Nocardiopsis, an Oerskovia, a Pediococcus, aPeptococcus, a Peptostreptococcus, a Pilimelia, a Planobispora, aPlanococcus, a Planomonospora, a Promicromonospora, a Propionibacterium,a Pseudonocardia, a Rarobacter, a Renibacterium, a Rhodococcus, aRothia, a Rubrobacter, a Ruminococcus, a Saccharococcus, aSaccharomonospora, a Saccharopolyspora, a Saccharothrix, a Salinicoccus,a Sarcina, a Sphaerobacter, a Spirillospora, a Sporichthya, aSporohalobacter, a Sporolactobacillus, a Sporosarcina, a Staphylococcus,a Streptoalloteichus, a Streptococcus, a Streptomyces, aStreptosporangium, a Syntrophospora, a Terrabacter, a Thermacetogenium,a Thermoactinomyces, a Thermoanaerobacter, a Thermoanaerobium, aThermomonospora, a Trichococcus, a Tsukamurella, a Vagococcus, or acombination thereof.

Examples of a Gram-negative Eubacteria comprises an Acetivibrio, anAcetoanaerobium, an Acetobacter, an Acetomicrobium, an Acidaminobacter,an Acidaminococcus, an Acidiphilium, an Acidomonas, an Acidovorax, anAcinetobacter, an Aeromonas, an Agitococcus, an Agrobacterium, anAgromonas, an Alcaligenes, an Allochromatium, an Alteromonas, anAlysiella, an Aminobacter, an Anabaena, an Anaerobiospirillum, anAnaerorhabdus, an Anaerovibrio, an Ancalomicrobium, an Ancylobacter, anAngulomicrobium, an Aquaspirillum, an Archangium, an Arsenophonus, anArthrospira, an Asticcacaulis, an Azomonas, an Azorhizobium, anAzospirillum, an Azotobacter, a Bacteroides, a Bdellovibrio, aBeggiatoa, a Beijerinckia, a Blastobacter, a Blastochloris, aBordetella, a Borrelia, a Brachyspira, a Bradyrhizobium, aBrevundimonas, a Brucella, a Budvicia, a Buttiauxella, a Butyrivibrio, aCalothrix, a Campylobacter, a Capnocytophaga, a Cardiobacterium, aCaulobacter, a Cedecea, a Cellulophaga, a Cellvibrio, a Centipeda, aChitinophaga, a Chlorobium, a Chloroflexus, a Chlorogloeopsis, aChloroherpeton, a Chondromyces, a Chromobacterium, a Chromohalobacter, aChroococcidiopsis, a Citrobacter, a Cobetia, a Comamonas, a Crinalium, aCupriavidus, a Cyclobacterium, a Cylindrospermum, a Cystobacter, aCytophaga, a Dermocarpella, a Derxia, a Desulfobacter, aDesulfobacterium, a Desulfobulbus, a Desulfococcus, a Desulfomicrobium,a Desulfomonile, a Desulfonema, a Desulfosarcina, a Desulfovibrio, aDesulfurella, a Desulfuromonas, a Dichotomicrobium, anEctothiorhodospira, an Edwardsiella, an Eikenella, an Enhydrobacter, anEnsifer, an Enterobacter, an Erwinia, an Erythrobacter, anErythromicrobium, an Escherichia, an Ewingella, a Fervidobacterium, aFibrobacter, a Filomicrobium, a Fischerella, a Flammeovirga, aFlavobacterium, a Flectobacillus, a Flexibacter, a Flexithrix, aFrancisella, a Frateuria, a Fusobacterium, a Gemmata, a Gemmiger, aGloeobacter, a Gloeocapsa, a Gluconobacter, a Haemophilus, a Hafnia, aHaliscomenobacter, a Haloanaerobium, a Halobacteroides, aHalochromatium, a Halomonas, a Halorhodospira, a Helicobacter, aHeliobacillus, a Heliobacterium, a Herbaspirillum, a Herpetosiphon, aHirschia, a Hydrogenophaga, a Hyphomicrobium, a Hyphomonas, anIlyobacter, an Isochromatium, an Isosphaera, a Janthinobacterium, aKingella, a Klebsiella, a Kluyvera, a Labrys, a Lachnospira, aLamprocystis, a Lampropedia, a Leclercia, a Legionella, a Leminorella, aLeptospira, a Leptospirillum, a Leptothrix, a Leptotrichia, aLeucothrix, a Lysobacter, a Malonomonas, a Marinilabilia, aMarichromatium, a Marinobacter, a Marinomonas, a Megamonas, aMegasphaera, a Melittangium, a Meniscus, a Mesophilobacter, aMetallogenium, a Methylobacillus, a Methylobacterium, a Methylococcus, aMethylomonas, a Methylophaga, a Methylophilus, a Methylovorus, aMicroscilla, a Mitsuokella, a Moellerella, a Moraxella, a Morganella, aMorococcus, a Myxococcus, a Myxosarcina, a Nannocystis, a Neisseria, aNevskia, a Nitrobacter, a Nitrococcus, a Nitrosococcus, a Nitrosomonas,a Nitrosospira, a Nitrospira, a Nostoc, an Obesumbacterium, anOceanospirillum, an Ochrobactrum, an Oligella, an Oscillatoria, anOxalobacter, a Pantoea, a Paracoccus, a Pasteurella, a Pectinatus, aPedobacter, a Pedomicrobium, a Pelobacter, a Pelodictyon, aPersicobacter, a Phaeospirillum, a Phenylobacterium, a Photobacterium, aPhyllobacterium, a Pirellula, a Planctomyces, a Plesiomonas, aPleurocapsa, a Polyangium, a Porphyrobacter, a Porphyromonas, a Pragia,a Prevotella, a Propionigenium, a Propionispira, a Prosthecobacter, aProsthecochloris, a Prosthecomicrobium, a Proteus, a Providencia, aPseudanabaena, a Pseudomonas, a Psychrobacter, a Rahnella, aRhabdochromatium, a Rhizobacter, a Rhizobium, a Rhizomonas, aRhodobacter, a Rhodobium, a Rhodoblastus, a Rhodobaca, a Rhodocista, aRhodocyclus, a Rhodoferax, a Rhodomicrobium, a Rhodopila, a Rhodoplanes,a Rhodopseudomonas, a Rhodospirillum, a Rhodothalassium, a Rhodovibrio,a Rhodovulum, a Rikenella, a Roseobacter, a Roseococcus, a Rugamonas, aRubrivivax, a Ruminobacter, a Runella, a Salmonella, a Saprospira, aScytonema, a Sebaldella, a Selenomonas, a Seliberia, a Serpens, aSerpulina, a Serratia, a Shigella, a Simonsiella, a Sinorhizobium, aSphaerotilus, a Sphingobacterium, a Spirillum, a Spirochaeta, aSpirosoma, a Spirulina, a Sporocytophaga, a Sporomusa, a Stella, aStigmatella, a Streptobacillus, a Succinimonas, a Succinivibrio, aSulfobacillus, a Synechococcus, a Synechocystis, a Syntrophobacter, aSyntrophococcus, a Syntrophomonas, a Tatumella, a Taylorella, aThermochromatium, a Thermodesulfobacterium, a Thermoleophilum, aThermomicrobium, a Thermonema, a Thermosipho, a Thermotoga, a Thermus, aThiobacillus, a Thiocapsa, a Thiococcus, a Thiocystis, a Thiodictyon, aThiohalocapsa, a Thiolamprovum, a Thiomicrospira, a Thiorhodovibrio, aThiothrix, a Tissierella, a Tolypothrix, a Treponema, a Vampirovibrio, aVariovorax, a Veillonella, a Verrucomicrobium, a Vibrio, a Vitreoscilla,a Weeksella, a Wolinella, a Xanthobacter, a Xanthomonas, a Xenococcus, aXenorhabdus, a Xylella, a Xylophilus, a Yersinia, a Yokenella, aZobellia, a Zoogloea, a Zymomonas, a Zymophilus, or a combinationthereof.

Additional examples of an Eubacteria comprises an Abiotrophia, anAcetitomaculum, an Acetohalobium, an Acetonema, an Achromobacter, anAcidimicrobium, an Acidithiobacillus, an Acidobacterium, an Acidocella,an Acrocarpospora, an Actinoalloteichus, an Actinobacillus, anActinobaculum, an Actinocorallia, an Aequorivita, an Afipia, an Agreia,an Agrococcus, an Ahrensia, an Albibacter, an Albidovulum, anAlcanivorax, an Alicycliphilus, an Alicyclobacillus, an Alkalibacterium,an Alkaliimnicola, an Alkalispirillum, an Alkanindiges, anAminobacterium, an Aminomonas, an Ammonifex, an Ammoniphilus, anAnaeroarcus, an Anaerobacter, an Anaerobaculum, an Anaerobranca, anAnaerococcus, an Anaerofilum, an Anaeromusa, an Anaerophaga, anAnaeroplasma, an Anaerosinus, an Anaerostipes, an Anaerovorax, anAneurinibacillus, an Angiococcus, an Anoxybacillus, an Antarctobacter,an Aquabacter, an Aquabacterium, an Aquamicrobium, an Aquifex, anArcobacter, an Arhodomonas, an Asanoa, an Atopobium, an Azoarcus, anAzorhizophilus, an Azospira, a Bacteriovorax, a Bartonella, aBeutenbergia, a Bilophila, a Blastococcus, a Blastomonas, a Bogoriella,a Bosea, a Brachymonas, a Brackiella, a Brenneria, a Brevibacillus, aBulleidia, a Burkholderia, a Caenibacterium, a Caldicellulosiruptor, aCaldithrix, a Caloramator, a Caloranaerobacter, a Caminibacter, aCaminicella, a Carbophilus, a Carboxydibrachium, a Carboxydocella, aCarboxydothermus, a Catenococcus, a Catenuloplanes, aCellulosimicrobium, a Chelatococcus, a Chlorobaculum, aChryseobacterium, a Chrysiogenes, a Citricoccus, a Collinsella, aColwellia, a Conexibacter, a Coprothermobacter, a Couchioplanes, aCrossiella, a Cryobacterium, a Cryptosporangium, a Dechloromonas, aDeferribacter, a Defluvibacter, a Dehalobacter, a Delftia, a Demetria, aDendrosporobacter, a Denitrovibrio, a Dermacoccus, a Desemzia, aDesulfacinum, a Desulfitobacterium, a Desulfobacca, a Desulfobacula, aDesulfocapsa, a Desulfocella, a Desulfofaba, a Desulfofrigus, aDesulfofustis, a Desulfohalobium, a Desulfomusa, a Desulfonatronovibrio,a Desulfonatronum, a Desulfonauticus, a Desulfonispora, a Desulforegula,a Desulforhabdus, a Desulforhopalus, a Desulfospira, aDesulfosporosinus, a Desulfotalea, a Desulfotignum, a Desulfovirga, aDesulfurobacterium, a Desulfuromusa, a Dethiosulfovibrio, a Devosia, aDialister, a Diaphorobacter, a Dichelobacter, a Dictyoglomus, a Dietzia,a Dolosicoccus, a Dorea, an Eggerthella, an Empedobacter, anEnhygromyxa, an Eremococcus, a Ferrimonas, a Filifactor, a Filobacillus,a Finegoldia, a Flexistipes, a Formivibrio, a Friedmanniella, aFrigoribacterium, a Fulvimonas, a Fusibacter, a Gallicola, a Garciella,a Gelidibacter, a Gelria, a Gemmatimonas, a Gemmobacter, a Geobacillus,a Geobacter, a Georgenia, a Geothrix, a Geovibrio, a Glaciecola, aGluconacetobacter, a Gracilibacillus, a Granulicatella, a Grimontia, aHalanaerobacter, a Halanaerobium, a Haliangium, a Halobacillus, aHalocella, a Halonatronum, a Halothermothrix, a Halothiobacillus, aHelcococcus, a Heliophilum, a Heliorestis, a Herbidospora, a Hippea, aHoldemania, a Holophaga, a Hydrogenobacter, a Hydrogenobaculum, aHydrogenophilus, a Hydrogenothermus, a Hydrogenovibrio, a Hymenobacter,an Ignavigranum, an Iodobacter, an Isobaculum, a Janibacter, aKineococcus, a Kineosphaera, a Kitasatosporia, a Knoellia, a Kocuria, aKozakia, a Kribbella, a Kutzneria, a Kytococcus, a Lachnobacterium, aLaribacter, a Lautropia, a Lechevalieria, a Leifsonia, a Leisingera, aLentzea, a Leucobacter, a Limnobacter, a Listonella, a Lonepinella, aLuteimonas, a Luteococcus, a Macrococcus, a Macromonas, aMagnetospirillum, a Mannheimia, a Maricaulis, a Marinibacillus, aMarinitoga, a Marinobacterium, a Marinospirillum, a Marmoricola, aMeiothermus, a Methylocapsa, a Methylopila, a Methylosarcina, aMicrobulbifer, a Microlunatus, a Micromonas, a Microsphaera, aMicrovirgula, a Modestobacter, a Mogibacterium, a Moorella, a Moritella,a Muricauda, a Mycetocola, a Mycoplana, a Myroides, a Natroniella, aNatronincola, a Nautilia, a Nesterenkonia, a Nonomuraea, aNovosphingobium, an Oceanimonas, an Oceanobacillus, an Oceanobacter, anOctadecabacter, an Oenococcus, an Oleiphilus, an Oligotropha, anOlsenella, an Opitutus, an Orenia, an Ornithinicoccus, anOrnithinimicrobium, an Oxalicibacterium, an Oxalophagus, an Oxobacter, aPaenibacillus, a Pandoraea, a Papillibacter, a Paralactobacillus, aParaliobacillus, a Parascardovia, a Paucimonas, a Pectobacterium, aPelczaria, a Pelospora, a Pelotomaculum, a Peptoniphilus, a Petrotoga, aPhascolarctobacterium, a Phocoenobacter, a Photorhabdus, aPigmentiphaga, a Planomicrobium, a Planotetraspora, a Plantibacter, aPlesiocystis, a Polaribacter, a Prauserella, a Propioniferax, aPropionimicrobium, a Propionispora, a Propionivibrio, aPseudaminobacter, a Pseudoalteromonas, a Pseudobutyrivibrio, aPseudoramibacter, a Pseudorhodobacter, a Pseudospirillum, aPseudoxanthomonas, a Psychroflexus, a Psychromonas, a Psychroserpens, aRalstonia, a Ramlibacter, a Raoultella, a Rathayibacter, a Rhodothermus,a Roseateles, a Roseburia, a Roseiflexus, a Roseinatronobacter, aRoseospirillum, a Roseovarius, a Rubritepida, a Ruegeria, a Sagittula, aSalana, a Salegentibacter, a Salinibacter, a Salinivibrio, aSanguibacter, a Scardovia, a Schineria, a Schwartzia, a Sedimentibacter,a Shewanella, a Shuttleworthia, a Silicibacter, a Skermania, a Slackia,a Sphingobium, a Sphingomonas, a Sphingopyxis, a Spirilliplanes, aSporanaerobacter, a Sporobacter, a Sporobacterium, a Sporotomaculum, aStaleya, a Stappia, a Starkeya, a Stenotrophomonas, a Sterolibacterium,a Streptacidiphilus, a Streptomonospora, a Subtercola, aSucciniclasticum, a Succinispira, a Sulfitobacter, a Sulfurospirillum, aSutterella, a Suttonella, a Syntrophobotulus, a Syntrophothermus, aSyntrophus, a Telluria, a Tenacibaculum, a Tepidibacter, a Tepidimonas,a Tepidiphilus, a Terasakiella, a Terracoccus, a Tessaracoccus, aTetragenococcus, a Tetrasphaera, a Thalassomonas, a Thauera, aThermaerobacter, a Thermanaeromonas, a Thermanaerovibrio, a Thermicanus,a Thermithiobacillus, a Thermoanaerobacterium, a Thermobifida, aThermobispora, a Thermobrachium, a Thermocrinis, a Thermocrispum, aThermodesulforhabdus, a Thermodesulfovibrio, a Thermohydrogenium, aThermomonas, a Thermosyntropha, a Thermoterrabacterium, aThermovenabulum, a Thermovibrio, a Thialkalimicrobium, aThialkalivibrio, a Thioalkalivibrio, a Thiobaca, a Thiomonas, aTindallia, a Tolumonas, a Turicella, a Turicibacter, an Ureibacillus, aVerrucosispora, a Victivallis, a Virgibacillus, a Vogesella, aWeissella, a Williamsia, a Xenophilus, a Zavarzinia, a Zooshikella, aZymobacter, or a combination thereof.

Organisms of the eukaryotic Fungi Kingdom (“fungi,” fungus”) includeorganisms commonly referred to as a molds, morels, mildews, mushrooms,puffballs, rusts, smuts, truffles, and yeasts. A fungal organismtypically comprises multicellular filaments that grow into a food supply(e.g., a carbon based polymer), but may become unicellular spore(s) innutrient poor conditions. “Mold” may be used herein as a synonym forfungi, where the context permits, especially when referring to indoorcontaminants. However, the term “mold” also, and more specifically,denotes certain types of fungi. For example, the plasmodial slime molds,the cellular slime molds, water molds, and the everyday common mold.True molds refer to filamentous fungi comprising the mycelium,specialized, spore-bearing structures called conidiophores, and conidia(“spores”). “Mildew” is another common name for certain fungi, includinga powdery mildew and a downy mildew. “Yeasts” are unicellular members ofthe fungus family. For the purposes of the present disclosure, where anyof the terms fungus, a mold, a morel, a mildew, a mushroom, a puffball,a rust, a smut, a truffle, and/or a yeast is used, the others areimplied where the context permits.

A fungi cell wall typically comprises a beta-1,4-linked homopolymers ofN-acetylglucosamine (“chitin”) and a glucan. The glucan is usually analpha-glucan, such as a polymer comprising an alpha-1,3- andalpha-1,6-linkage (Griffin, 1993). Some Ascomycota species (e.g.,Ophiostomataceae) comprise a cell wall comprising a cellulose. Certainspecies of Chytridiomycota (e.g., Coelomomycetales) do not possess acell wall. Examples of a fungi genus includes an Aciculoconidium, anAgaricostilbum, an Ambrosiozyma, an Arxiozyma, an Arxula, an Ascoidea, aBabjevia, a Bensingtonia, a Blastobotrys, a Botryozyma, a Bullera, aBulleromyces, a Candida, a Cephaloascus, a Chionosphaera, a Citeromyces,a Clavispora, a Cryptococcus, a Cystofilobasidium, a Debaryomyces, aDekkera, a Dipodascopsis, a Dipodascus, an Endomyces, an Eremothecium,an Erythrobasidium, a Fellomyces, a Filobasidiella, a Filobasidium, aGalactomyces, a Geotrichum, a Hanseniaspora, a Hyalodendron, anIssatchenkia, an Itersonilia, a Kloeckera, a Kluyveromyces, aKockovaella, a Kurtzmanomyces, a Leucosporidium, a Lipomyces, aLodderomyces, a Malassezia, a Metschnikowia, a Moniliella, a Mrakia, aMyxozyma, a Nadsonia, an Oosporidium, a Pachysolen, a Phaffia, a Pichia,a Protomyces, a Pseudozyma, a Reniforma, a Rhodosporidium, aRhodotorula, a Saccaromycopsis, a Saccharomyces, a Saccharomycodes, aSaitoella, a Saturnispora, a Schizoblastosporion, a Schizosaccharomyces,a Sporidiobolus, a Sporobolomyces, a Sporopachydermia, a Stephanoascus,a Sterigmatomyces, a Sterigmatosporidium, a Sympodiomyces, aSympodiomycopsis, a Taphrina, a Tilletiaria, a Tilletiopsis, aTorulaspora, a Trichosporon, a Trichosporonoides, a Trigonopsis, aTsuchiyaea, a Wickerhamia, a Wickerhamiella, a Williopsis, aXanthophyllomyces, a Yarrowia, a Zygoascus, a Zygosaccharomyces, aZygozyma, or a combination thereof.

Examples of a fungal genus sometimes found in a building having excessindoor moisture comprises a Stachybotrys (e.g., a Stachybotryschartarum), which is commonly found in nature growing on acellulose-rich plant material and/or a water-damaged building material,such as ceiling tiles, wallpaper, sheet-rock and cellulose resinwallboard (e.g., a fiberboard). Depending on the particular conditionsof temperature, pH and humidity in which the mold is growing, aStachybotrys may produce mycotoxins, compounds that have toxicproperties. Other examples of a common fungi that can grow inresidential and commercial buildings comprise an Aspergillus species(sp.)., a Penicillium sp., a Fusarium sp., an Alternaria dianthicola, anAureobasidium pullulans (a.k.a. a Pullularia pullulans), a Phomapigmentivora and/or a Cladosporium sp. An antibiological agent (e.g., apeptide composition) may be selected to treat an infestation, preventinfestation, inhibit growth, and/or kill, a particular species of a cellsuch as a fungus and/or for a broad spectrum antifungal activity.

Organisms of the Kingdom Protista (“protists”) refer to a heterogenousset of eukaryotic unicellular, oligocellular and/or multicellularorganisms that may not have been classified as belonging to the othereukaryotic Kingdoms, though they typically have features related to thePlant Kingdom (e.g., an algae, which generally are photosynthetic), theFungi Kingdom (e.g., an Oomycota) and/or the Animal Kingdom (e.g., aprotozoa). Organisms of certain Protista Phyla, particularly thoseorganisms commonly known as “algae,” comprise a cell wall, silica basedshell and/or exoskeleton (e.g., a test, a frustule), or other durablematerial at the cell-external environment interface.

Examples of a Protista comprises an Acetabularia, an Achnanthes, anAmphidinium, an Ankistrodesmus, an Anophryoides, an Aphanomyces, anAstasia, an Asterionella, a Blepharisma, a Botrydiopsis, a Botrydium, aBotryococcus, a Bracteacoccus, a Brevilegnia, a Bulbochaete, aCaenomorpha, a Cephaleuros, a Ceratium, a Chaetoceros, a Chaetophora, aCharaciosiphon, a Chlamydomonas, a Chlorella, a Chloridella, aChlorobotrys, a Chlorococcum, a Chromulina, a Chroodactylon, aChrysamoeba, a Chrysocapsa, a Cladophora, a Closterium, a Cocconeis, aCoelastrum, a Cohnilembus, a Colacium, a Coleps, a Colpidium, a Colpoda,a Cosmarium, a Cryptoglena, a Cyclidium, a Cyclotella, a Cylindrocystis,a Derbesia, a Dexiostoma, a Dictyosphaerium, a Dictyuchus, a Didinium, aDinobryon, a Distigma, a Draparnaldia, a Dunaliella, a Dysmorphococcus,an Enteromorpha, an Entosiphon, an Eudorina, an Euglena, an Euplotes, anEustigmatos, a Flintiella, a Fragilaria, a Fritschiella, a Glaucoma, aGonium, a Gonyaulax, a Gymnodinium, a Gyropaigne, a Haematococcus, aHalophytophthora, a Heterosigma, a Hyalotheca, a Hydrodictyon, aKhawkinea, a Lagenidium, a Leptolegnia, a Mallomonas, a Mantoniella, aMelosira, a Menoidium, a Mesanophrys, a Mesotaenium, a Metopus, aMicrasterias, a Microspora, a Microthamnion, a Mischococcus, aMonodopsis, a Mougeotia, a Nannochloropsis, a Navicula, a Nephroselmis,a Nitzschia, an Ochromonas, an Oedogonium, an Ophiocytium, anOpisthonecta, an Oxyrrhis, a Pandorina, a Paramecium, a Paranophrys, aParaphysomonas, a Parmidium, a Pediastrum, a Peranema, a Peridinium, aPeronophythora, a Petalomonas, a Phacus, a Pithophora, a Plagiopyla, aPlasmopara, a Platyophrya, a Plectospira, a Pleodorina, a Pleurochloris,a Pleurococcus, a Pleurotaenium, a Ploeotia, a Polyedriella, aPorphyridium, a Prorocentrum, a Prototheca, a Pseudocharaciopsis, aPseudocohnilembus, a Pyramimonas, a Pythiopsis, a Pythium, aRhabdomonas, a Rhizochromulina, a Rhizoclonium, a Rhodella, aRhodosorus, a Rhynchopus, a Saprolegnia, a Scenedesmus, a Scytomonas, aSelenastrum, a Skeletonema, a Spathidium, a Sphaerocystis, a Spirogyra,a Spirostomum, a Spondylosium, a Staurastrum, a Stauroneis, a Stentor, aStephanodiscus, a Stephanosphaera, a Stichococcus, a Stigeoclonium, aSynedra, a Synura, a Tetracystis, a Tetraedron, a Tetrahymena, aTetraselmis, a Thalassiosira, a Thaumatomastix, a Thraustotheca, aTrachelomonas, a Trebouxia, a Trentepohlia, a Tribonema, a Trimyema, anUlothrix, an Uronema, a Vaucheria, a Vischeria, a Volvox, a Vorticella,a Xanthidium, a Zygnema, or a combination thereof.

A diatom refers to a unicellular algae that possess a cell wallcomprising silicon. Examples of a diatom include organisms of the phylaChrysophyta and/or Bacillariphyta. A Chrysophyta (“golden algae,”“golden-brown algae”) typically comprises a freshwater diatom. Examplesof a Chrysophyta includes a Chlorobotrys, a Chromulina, a Chrysamoeba, aChrysocapsa, a Dinobryon, an Eustigmatos, a Heterosigma, a Mallomonas, aMonodopsis, a Nannochloropsis, an Ochromonas, a Paraphysomonas, aPleurochloris, a Polyedriella, a Pseudocharaciopsis, a Rhizochromulina,a Synura, a Thaumatomastix, a Vischeria, or a combination thereof. ABacillariphyta typically comprises a marine diatom. Examples of aBacillariphyta includes an Achnanthes, an Asterionella, a Chaetoceros, aCocconeis, a Cyclotella, a Fragilaria, a Melosira, a Navicula, aNitzschia, a Skeletonema, a Stauroneis, a Stephanodiscus, a Synedra, aThalassiosira, or a combination thereof.

AXanthophyta (“yellow-green algae”) is typically yellowish-green incolor, with examples including a Botrydiopsis, a Botrydium, aBotryococcus, a Chloridella, a Mischococcus, an Ophiocytium, aTribonema, a Vaucheria, or a combination thereof.

An Euglenophyta (“euglenoids”) generally is unicellular, aquatic algaeand comprises a pellicle, which comprises an outer membrane reinforcedby proteins, rather than a cell wall. Examples of an Euglenophytainclude an Astasia, a Colacium, a Cryptoglena, a Distigma, anEntosiphon, an Euglena, a Gyropaigne, a Khawkinea, a Menoidium, aParmidium, a Peranema, a Petalomonas, a Phacus, a Ploeotia, aRhabdomonas, a Rhynchopus, a Scytomonas, a Trachelomonas, or acombination thereof.

A Chlorophyta (“green algae”) typically forms unicellular tooligocellular cluster(s), and comprises a cell wall comprising acellulose. Examples of a Chlorophyta include a Volvox, a Chlorella, aPleurococcus, a Spirogyra, a Chlamydomonas, a Gonium, a Mantoniella, aNephroselmis, a Pyramimonas, a Tetraselmis, an Ulothrix, anEnteromorpha, a Cephaleuros, a Cladophora, a Pithophora, a Rhizoclonium,a Derbesia, an Acetabularia, a Chlorella, a Microthamnion, a Prototheca,a Stichococcus, a Trebouxia, an Ankistrodesmus, a Bracteacoccus, aBulbochaete, a Chaetophora, a Characiosiphon, a Chlamydomonas, aChlorococcum, a Coelastrum, a Dictyosphaerium, a Draparnaldia, aDunaliella, a Dysmorphococcus, an Eudorina, a Fritschiella, a Gonium, aHaematococcus, a Hydrodictyon, an Oedogonium, a Microspora, a Pandorina,a Pediastrum, a Pleodorina, a Scenedesmus, a Selenastrum, aSphaerocystis, a Stephanosphaera, a Stigeoclonium, a Tetracystis, aTetraedron, a Trentepohlia, an Uronema, a Volvox, a Closterium, aCosmarium, a Cylindrocystis, a Hyalotheca, a Mesotaenium, aMicrasterias, a Mougeotia, a Pleurotaenium, a Spirogyra, a Spondylosium,a Staurastrum, a Xanthidium, a Zygnema, or a combination therof.

ARhodophyta (“red algae”) generally is multicellular and comprises acell wall comprising a sulfated polysaccharide, such as, for example, anagar, a carrageenan, a cellulose, or a combination thereof. Examples ofa Rhodophyta genera that are typically unicellular include aChroodactylon, a Flintiella, a Porphyridium, a Rhodella, a Rhodosorus,or a combination thereof.

A Pyrrophyta (“fire algae,” “dinoflagellate”) generally is a unicellularmarine organism possessing a cell wall comprising cellulose. APyrrophytatypically is red, and examples include a dinoflagellate genera such asan Amphidinium, a Ceratium, a Gonyaulax, a Gymnodinium, an Oxyrrhis, aPeridinium, a Prorocentrum, or a combination thereof.

A Ciliophora (“ciliate”) generally is unicellular and comprises apellicle. Examples of a Ciliophora includes an Anophryoides, aBlepharisma, a Caenomorpha, a Cohnilembus, a Coleps, a Colpidium, aColpoda, a Cyclidium, a Dexiostoma, a Didinium, an Euplotes, a Glaucoma,a Mesanophrys, a Metopus, an Opisthonecta, a Paramecium, a Paranophrys,a Plagiopyla, a Platyophrya, a Pseudocohnilembus, a Spathidium, aSpirostomum, a Stentor, a Tetrahymena, a Trimyema, an Uronema, aVorticella, or a combination thereof.

An Oomycota (“oomycete,” “water mold”) is a fungi-like organism, and isoften listed in the fungal sections of biological culture collections.An Oomycota is typically unicellular but differ from a fungi bypossessing a cell wall that comprises a cellulose and/or a glycan.Examples of an Oomycota an Aphanomyces, a Brevilegnia, a Dictyuchus, aHalophytophthora, a Lagenidium, a Leptolegnia, a Peronophythora, aPlasmopara, a Plectospira, a Pythiopsis, a Pythium, a Saprolegnia, aThraustotheca, or a combination thereof.

Examples of a virus (e.g., an enveloped virus) that may be a target ofan antibiological agent includes a DNA virus such as a Herpesviridae(“herpesviruses”), a Poxviridae (“poxviruse”), and/or a Baculoviridae(“baculooviruses”); an RNA virus such as a Flaviviridae (“flavivirus”),a Togaviridae (“togavirus”), a Coronaviridae (“coronavirus”; e.g.,Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome—“SARS”), a Deltaviridae (“deltavirus”;e.g., Hepatitis D), an Orthomyxoviridae (“orthomyxovirus”), aParamyxoviridae (“paramyxovirus”), a Rhabdoviridae (“rhabdovirus”), aBunyaviridae (“bunyavirus”), a Filoviridae (“filovirus”), and/or aReoviridae (“Reovirus”); a retrovirus such as a Retroviridae(“retroviruses”), and/or a Hepadnaviridae (“hepadnavirus”); or acombination thereof.

A polymeric material (e.g., a plastic) will often comprise anantimicrobial agent. An antimicrobial agent typically comprises abiocide (e.g., a fungicide, a bactericide, a herbicide a mildewcide, analgaecide, a viricide, a germicide, a microbiocide, a slimicide) and/ora biostatic (e.g., a fungistatic, a bacteristatic, a mildewstatic, analgaestatic, a viristatic, a herbistatic, a germistatic, amicrobiostatic, a slimistatic) to inhibit the growth of an organism suchas a bacteria, a fungi, a mildew, an algae, a virus, a microorganism, ora combination thereof, on and/or within a material formulation. Anantimicrobial agent within a polymeric material typically diffusesand/or travels to the surface of the polymeric material during normalservice life to provide a more continuous activity at the surface inreducing microbial growth. Often, an antimicrobial agent comprises acarrier such as a liquid component (e.g., a solvent, a plasticizer), aresin, or a combination thereof. Specific examples of a carriertypically used as an antimicrobial agent carrier includes plasticizer(e.g., a diisodecyl phthalate, an epoxidized soybean oil), an oil, or acombination thereof. Examples of an antimicrobial agent commonly used ina polymeric material includes 2-n-octyl-4-ixothiazonin-3-1;10,10-oxybisphenoxarsine (“OBPA”); zinc 2-pyridinethiol-1-oxide(“zinc-omadine”), trichlorophenoloxyphenol (“triclosan”), or acombination thereof, though a preservative used in a coating as well asan antimicrobial peptide are contemplated for use as an antimicrobialagent in a polymeric material, and such an antimicrobial agent may beused either alone or in combination with another antimicrobial agent inany composition, article, method, machine, etc. described herein inlight of the present disclosures. An antimicrobial agent generallycomprises about 0.000001% to about 1% of a polymeric material, and about2% to about 10% of and antimicrobial agent and a carrier mixture,respectively, though given the inclusion of a biomolecule composition aspart of a polymeric material and other compositions described herein,the content of an antimicrobial agent may be increased from about0.000001% to about 10% or more. An antimicrobial agent often acts as adeodorant by reducing the growth of odor producing microorganism,particularly in a fiber (e.g., a textile) and/or a polymeric filmapplication for packaging of food and/or trash.

A coating may comprise a preservative to reduce and/or prevent thedeterioration of a coating and/or a film by an organism such as amicroorganism. A microorganism may be considered a contaminant capabledamaging a film and/or a coating to the point of suitable usefulness ina given embodiment. An undesirable growth of a microorganism isgenerally more prevalent in a waterborne coating, as the solventcomponent of a solvent-based coating usually acts as a preservative.However, a film is generally susceptible to such damage by growth of amicroorganism after loss of a solvent (e.g., evaporation) during filmformation. Additionally, various bacteria (e.g., Bacillus spp.) andfungi produce spores, which are cells that are relatively durable tounfavorable conditions (e.g., cold, heat, dehydration, a biocide) andmay persist in a coating and/or film for months or years prior togerminating into a damaging colony of cells.

However, in certain embodiments, a biomolecule composition; particularlya microorganism based particulate material, may be used as apurposefully added coating component. A coating comprising a biomoleculecomposition (e.g., a cell-based particulate material) typically alsocomprises a preservative. The continued growth of a microorganism from abiomolecule composition often may be detrimental to a coating and/or afilm, and a preservative may reduce and/or prevent such growth. Acontaminating microorganism may use the biomolecule composition as areadily available source of nutrients for growth, and a preservative mayreduce and/or prevent such growth. The amount of preservative added to acoating comprising a biomolecule composition may be increased relativeto a preservative content of a similar coating lacking such an addedbiomolecule composition. In certain aspects, the amount of preservativemay be increased about 1.01 to about 10-fold or more, the amount of anexample of a preservative content described herein or used in the art,in light of the present disclosures.

Examples of preservatives include a biocide, which reduces and/orprevents the growth of an organism by killing the organism (e.g., amicroorganism, a spore), a biostatic, which reduces and/or prevents thegrowth of an organism (e.g., a microorganism, a spore) but generallydoes not necessarily kill the organism, or a combination thereof (e.g.,a combination of the effects). For example, a “fungicide” comprises abiocidal substance used to kill a specific microbial group, the fungi;while a “fungistatic” denotes a substance that prevents fungalmicroorganism from growing and/or reproducing, but do not result insubstantial killing. Examples of a biocide include, for example, amicrobiocide, a bactericide, a fungicide, an algaecide, a mildewcide, amolluskicide, a viricide, or a combination thereof. Examples of abiostatic include, for example, a microbiostatic, a bacteristatic, afungistatic, an algaestatic, a mildewstatic, a molluskistatic, aviristatic, or a combination thereof. Examples of a bacteria commonlyfound to contaminate a coating and/or a film include a Pseudomonas spp.,an Aerobacter spp., an Enterobacter spp., a Flavobacterium spp. (e.g., aFlavobacterium marinum), a Bacillus spp., or a combination thereof.Examples of a fungi commonly found to contaminate a coating and/or afilm include an Aureobasidium pullulans, an Alternaria dianthicola, aPhoma pigmentivora, or a combination thereof. Examples of an algaecommonly found to contaminate a coating and/or a film include anOscillotoria sp., a Scytonema sp., a Protoccoccus sp., or a combinationthereof. Techniques for determining microbial contamination of a coatingand/or a coating component have been described (see, for example, “ASTMBook of Standards, Volume 06.01, Paint—Tests for Chemical, Physical, andOptical Properties; Appearance,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken,Pa., U.S.A., D5588-97, 2002).

In addition to the disclosures herein, a preservative and use of apreservative in a coating is known in the art, and all such materialsand techniques for using a preservative in a coating may be used (see,for example, Flick, E. W. Handbook of Paint Raw Materials, SecondEdition” Noyes Data Corporation/Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, N.J.,U.S.A., 263-285 and 879-998, 1989; in “Paint and Coating Testing Manual,Fourteenth Edition of the Gardner-Sward Handbook,” (Koleske, J. V. Ed.),American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A.,pp 261-267 and 654-661, 1995; in “Paint and Surface Coatings, Theory andPractice, Second Edition,” (Lambourne, R. and Strivens, T. A. William,Eds) Andrew Publishing, Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Abington Hall,Abington, Cambridge CB1 6AH, England, pp. 193-194, 371-382 and 543-547,1999; Wicks, Jr., Z. W., Jones, F. N., Pappas, S. P. “Organic Coatings,Science and Technology, Volume 1: Film Formation, Components, andAppearance,” pp. 318-320, 1992; Wicks, Jr., Z. W., Jones, F. N., Pappas,S. P. “Organic Coatings, Science and Technology, Volume 2: Applications,Properties and Performance,” pp. 145, 309, 319-323 and 340-341, 1992;and in “Paints, Coatings and Solvents, Second, Completely RevisedEdition,” (Stoye, D. and Freitag, W., Eds.)) Wiley-Vch, New York,U.S.A., pp 6, 127 and 165, 1998; and in “Handbook of CoatingsAdditives,” pp. 177-224, 1987).

A coating, a film, a surface, or a combination thereof, may bedetrimentally affected by the presence of a living organism (e.g., amicroorganism). For example, a living microorganism may alter viscositydue to damage to a cellulosic viscosifier; alter a rheological propertyby increasing the gelling of a coating; produce a color alteration(“discoloration”) by production of a colorizing agent; produce a gas andincrease foam; produce an odor; lower pH; damage a preservative; produceslime; reduce adhesion by a film; increase corrosion of a metal surfaceby moisture production by an organism; increase corrosion of a metalsurface by film damage; damage a wooden surface by colonization (e.g.,fungal colonization); or a combination thereof. These changes may leadto the coating and/or the film becoming unsuitable for use.

The quality of a liquid coating mixture may suffer markedly if amicroorganism (e.g., a mold) degrades one or more of the componentsduring storage (e.g., in-can). Since many of the coating products in usetoday comprise ingredients that make it susceptible or prone tomicroorganism (e.g., fungal) infestation and growth, it is commonpractice to include a preservative. Although bacterial contamination maybe a contributing factor, fungi may typically be a primary cause ofdeterioration of a liquid paint and/or a coating. Foul odor,discoloration, thinning and clumping of the coating product, and othersigns of deterioration of components render the product commerciallyunattractive and/or unsatisfactory for the intended purpose. If thecontainer will be opened and closed a number of times after its initialuse, in some instances over a period of several months or years, it mayinevitably be inoculated with a cell such as an ambient fungus organismand/or a spore subsequent to purchase by the consumer. The growth of amicroorganism may be more prevalent in a waterborne coating, as thesolvent component of a solvent based-coating usually acts as apreservative. However, a film may be susceptible to such damage bygrowth of a microorganism after loss of a solvent (e.g., evaporation)during film formation. Additionally, various bacteria (e.g., a Bacillusspp.) and fungi produce spore(s), which are cell(s) that are relativelydurable to unfavorable condition(s) (e.g., cold, heat, dehydration, abiocide), and may persist in a coating and/or a film for month(s) and/oryear(s) prior to germinating into a damaging colony of cells. To avoidspoilage, it may be desirable to ensure that the product will remainstable and usable for the foreseeable duration of storage and use byenhancing the long-term antimicrobial (e.g., antifungal) properties ofthe paint and/or coating with an antibiological agent (e.g., anantifungal peptide agent, an antimicrobial peptide, an antimicrobialenzyme). The in-can stability and prospective shelf life of a paintand/or coating mixture comprising an antibiological agent (e.g., apeptide agent) may be assessed using any appropriate method of the artusing conventional microbiological techniques. For example, a fungusknown to infect paint(s) and/or other coating(s) may be used as thechallenging assay organism.

In certain embodiments, a preservative may comprise an in-canpreservative, an in-film preservative, or a combination thereof. Anin-can preservative comprises a composition that reduces and/or preventsthe growth of a microorganism prior to film formation. Addition of anin-can preservative during a waterborne coating production typicallyoccurs with the introduction of water to a coating composition.Typically, an in-can preservative may be added to a coating compositionfor function during coating preparation, storage, or a combinationthereof. An in-film preservative comprises a composition that reduces orprevents the growth of a microorganism after film formation. In manyembodiments, an in-film preservative comprises the same chemical as anin-can preservative, but added to a coating composition at a higher(e.g., about two-fold or more) concentration for continuing activityafter film formation.

Examples of a preservative used in a coating include a metal compound(e.g., an organo-metal compound) biocide, an organic biocide, or acombination thereof. Examples of a metal compound biocide include abarium metaborate (CAS No. 13701-59-2), which may function as afungicide and/or a bactericide; a copper(II) 8-quinolinolate (CAS No.10380-28-6), which may function as a fungicide; a phenylmercuric acetate(CAS No. 62-38-4), a tributyltin oxide (CAS No. 56-35-9), which may beless selected for use against Gram-negative bacteria; a tributyltinbenzoate (CAS No. 4342-36-3), which may function as a fungicide and abactericide; a tributyltin salicylate (CAS No. 4342-30-7), which mayfunction as a fungicide; a zinc pyrithione (“zinc2-pyridinethiol-N-oxide”; CAS No. 13463-41-7), which may function as afungicide; a zinc oxide (CAS No. 1314-13-2), which may function as afungistatic, a fungicide and/or an algaecide; a combination ofzinc-dimethyldithiocarbamate (CAS No. 137-30-4) and a zinc2-mercaptobenzothiazole (CAS No. 155-04-4), which acts as a fungicide; azinc pyrithione (CAS No. 13463-41-7), which may function as a fungicide;a metal soap; or a combination thereof. Examples of a metal comprised ina metal soap biocide include a copper, a mercury, a tin, a zinc, or acombination thereof. Examples of an organic acid comprised in a metalsoap biocide include a butyl oxide, a laurate, a naphthenate, anoctoate, a phenyl acetate, a phenyl oleate, or a combination thereof.

An example of an organic biocide that acts as an algaecide includes a2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s-triazine (CAS No.28159-98-0). Examples of an organic biocide that acts as a bactericideinclude a combination of a 4,4-dimethyl-oxazolidine (CAS No. 51200-87-4)and a 3,4,4-trimethyloxazolidine (CAS No. 75673-43-7); a5-hydroxy-methyl-1-aza-3,7-dioxabicylco (3.3.0.) octane (CAS No.59720-42-2); a 2(hydroxymethyl)-aminoethanol (CAS No. 34375-28-5); a2-(hydroxymethyl)-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (CAS No. 52299-20-4); ahexahydro-1,3,5-triethyl-s-triazine (CAS No. 108-74-7); a1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azonia-adamantane chloride (CAS No.51229-78-8); a 1-methyl-3,5,7-triaza-1-azonia-adamantane chloride (CASNo. 76902-90-4); a p-chloro-m-cresol (CAS No. 59-50-7); an alkylaminehydrochloride; a 6-acetoxy-2,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane (CAS No. 828-00-2);a 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CAS No. 26172-55-4); a2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CAS No. 2682-20-4); a1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (CAS No. 6440-58-0); ahydroxymethyl-5,5-dimethyihydantoin (CAS No. 27636-82-4); or acombination thereof. Examples of an organic biocide that acts as afungicide include a parabens; a 2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole (CAS No.148-79-8); a N-trichloromethyl-thio-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide (CASNo. 133-06-2); a 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one (CAS No. 26530-20-1); a2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-isophthalonitrile (CAS No. 1897-45-6); a3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (CAS No. 55406-53-6); aN-(trichloromethyl-thio)phthalimide (CAS No. 133-07-3); atetrachloroisophthalonitrile (CAS No. 1897-45-6); a potassiumN-hydroxy-methyl-N-methyl-dithiocarbamate (CAS No. 51026-28-9); a sodium2-pyridinethiol-1-oxide (CAS No. 15922-78-8); or a combination thereof.Examples of a parbens include a butyl parahydroxybenzoate (CAS No.94-26-8); an ethyl parahydroxybenzoate (CAS No. 120-47-8); a methylparahydroxybenzoate (CAS No. 99-76-3); a propyl parahydroxybenzoate (CASNo. 94-13-3); or a combination thereof. Examples of an organic biocidethat acts as a bactericide and fungicide include a2-mercaptobenzo-thiazole (CAS No. 149-30-4); a combination of a5-chloro-2-methyl-3(2H)-isothiazoline (CAS No. 26172-55-4) and a2-methyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone (CAS No. 2682-20-4); a combination of a4-(2-nitrobutyl)-morpholine (CAS No. 2224-44-4) and a4,4′-(2-ethylnitrotrimethylene dimorpholine (CAS No. 1854-23-5); atetra-hydro-3,5-di-methyl-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione (CAS No.533-74-4); a potassium dimethyldithiocarbamate (CAS No. 128-03-0); or acombination thereof. An example of an organic biocide that acts as analgaecide and fungicide includes a diiodomethyl-p-tolysulfone (CAS No.20018-09-1). Examples of an organic biocide that acts as an algaecide, abactericide and a fungicide include a glutaraldehyde (CAS No. 111-30-8);a methylenebis(thiocyanate) (CAS No. 6317-18-6); a1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane (CAS No. 35691-65-7); a1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one (“1,2-benzisothiazolinone”; CAS No.2634-33-5); a 2-(thiocyanomethyl-thio)benzothiazole (CAS No.21564-17-0); or a combination thereof. An example of an organic biocidethat acts as an algaecide, a bactericide, a fungicide and a molluskicideincludes a 2-(thiocyanomethyl-thio)benzothiozole (CAS No. 21564-17-0)and/or a methylene bis(thiocyanate) (CAS No. 6317-18-6).

In some embodiments, an antifungal agent (e.g., a fungicide, afungistatic) may comprise a copper (II) 8-quinolinolate (CAS No.10380-28-6); a zinc oxide (CAS No. 1314-13-2); a zinc-dimethyldithiocarbamate (CAS No. 137-30-4); a 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, zinc salt(CAS No. 155-04-4); a barium metaborate (CAS No. 13701-59-2); a tributyltin benzoate (CAS No. 4342-36-3); a bis tributyl tin salicylate (CAS No.22330-14-9), a tributyl tin oxide (CAS No. 56-35-9); a parabens: ethylparahydroxybenzoate (CAS No. 120-47-8), a propyl parahydroxybenzoate(CAS No. 94-13-3); a methyl parahydroxybenzoate (CAS No. 99-76-3); abutyl parahydroxybenzoate (CAS No. 94-26-8); a methylenebis(thiocyanate)(CAS No. 6317-18-6); a 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one (CAS No. 2634-33-5);a 2-mercaptobenzo-thiazole (CAS No. 149-30-4); a5-chloro-2-methyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone (CAS No. 57373-19-0); a2-methyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone (CAS No. 57373-20-3); a zinc2-pyridinethiol-N-oxide (CAS No. 13463-41-7); atetra-hydro-3,5-di-methyl-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione (CAS No.533-74-4); a N-trichloromethyl-thio-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide (CASNo. 133-06-2); a 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one (CAS No. 26530-20-1); a2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-isophthalonitrile (CAS No. 1897-45-6); a3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate (CAS No. 55406-53-6); adiiodomethyl-p-tolylsulfone (CAS No. 20018-09-1); aN-(trichloromethyl-thio)phthalimide (CAS No. 133-07-3); a potassiumN-hydroxy-methyl-N-methyl-dithiocarbamate (CAS No. 51026-28-9); a sodium2-pyridinethiol-1-oxide (CAS No. 15922-78-8); a 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole (CAS No. 21564-17-0); a 2-4(-thiazolyl) benzimidazole (CASNo. 148-79-8); or a combination thereof [see, or example, V. M. King,“Bactericides, Fungicides, and Algicides,” Ch. 29, pp. 261-267; and D.L. Campbell, “Biological Deterioration of Paint Films,” Ch. 54, pp.654-661; both in PAINT AND COATING TESTING MANUAL, 14th ed. of theGardner-Sward Handbook, J. V. Koleske, Editor (1995), American Societyfor Testing and Materials, Ann Arbor, Mich.]. Additional biologicalproducts that may possess antifungal activity are described in thebackground discussion of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,020,312; 5,602,097; and5,885,782. U.S. Pat. No. 5,882,731 describes a number of common andproprietary chemical mildewcide-comprising products that have beeninvestigated as additives for water-based latex mixtures.

In certain embodiments an environmental law or regulation may encouragethe selection of an organic biocide such as a benzisothiazolinonederivative. An example of a benzisothiazolinone derivative comprises aBusan™ 1264 (Buckman Laboratories, Inc.), a Proxel™ GXL (BIT), a Proxel™TN (BIT/Triazine), a Proxel™ XL2 (BIT), a Proxel™ BD20 (BIT) and aProxel™ BZ (BIT/ZPT) (Avecia Inc.), a Preventol® VP OC 3068 (BayerCorporation), and/or a Mergal® K10N (Troy Corp.) which comprises a1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one (CAS No. 2634-33-5). In the case of a Busan™1264, the primary use may be function as a bactericide and/or afungicide at about 0.03% to about 0.5% in a waterborne coating, though aBusan™ may be used as a wood and/or a packaging preservative (e.g., abiocide, a mold inhibitor, a bactericide). A Proxel™ TN comprises a1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one (CAS No. 2634-33-5) and ahexahydro-1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine (“triazine”; CAS No.4719-04-4), a Proxel™ GXL, a Proxel™ XL2 and a Proxel™ BD20 comprises a1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one (CAS No. 2634-33-5), a Proxel™ BZ comprisesa 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one (CAS No. 2634-33-5) and a zinc pyrithione(CAS No. 13463-41-7), and are typically used in an industrial coatingand/or a water-based coating as a bactericide and/or a fungicide. AMergal® K10N comprises a 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one (CAS No.2634-33-5), and may be used in a waterborne coating as a bactericideand/or a fungicide.

Often, a preservative comprises a proprietary commercial formulationand/or a compound sold under a tradename. Examples include an organicbiocide under the tradename Nuosept® (International Specialty Products,“ISP”), which are typically used in a waterborne coating, often as anantimicrobial agent. Specific examples of a Nuosept® biocide include aNuosept® 95, which comprises a mixture of bicyclic oxazolidines, and maybe added to about 0.2% to about 0.3% concentration to a coating; aNuosept® 145, which comprises an amine reaction product, and may beadded to about 0.2% to about 0.3% concentration to a coating; a Nuosept®166, which comprises a 4,4-dimethyloxazolidine (CAS No. 51200-87-4), andmay be added to about 0.2% to about 0.3% concentration to a basic pHwaterborne coating; or a combination thereof. A further examplecomprises a Nuocide® (International Specialty Products) biocide(s),which are typically used fungicide(s) and/or algaecide(s). Examples of aNuocide® biocide comprises Nuocide® 960, which comprises about 96%tetrachlorisophthalonitrile (CAS No. 1897-45-6), and may be used atabout 0.5% to about 1.2% in a waterborne and/or a solvent based coatingas a fungicide; a Nuocide® 2010, which comprises a chlorothalonil (CASNo. 1897-45-6) and an IPBC (CAS No. 55406-53-6) at about 30%, and may beused at about 0.5% to about 2.5% in a coating as a fungicide and/or analgaecide; a Nuocide® 1051 and a Nuocide® 1071, each which comprisesabout 96%N-cyclopropyl-N-(1-dimethylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine(CAS No. 28159-98-0), and may be used as an algaecide in an antifoulingcoating at about 1.0% to about 6.0% or a water-based coating at about0.05% to about 0.2%, respectively; and a Nuocide® 2002, which comprisesa chlorothalonil (CAS No. 1897-45-6) and a triazine compound at about30%, and may be used at about 0.5% to about 2.5% in a coating and/or afilm as a fungicide and/or an algaecide; or a combination thereof.

An additional example of a tradename biocide for a coating includes aVancide® (R. T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc.). Examples of a Vancide®biocide include a Vancide® TH, which comprises ahexahydro-1,3,5-triethyl-s-triazine (CAS No. 108-74-7), and may be usedin a waterborne coating; a Vancide® 89, which comprises aN-trichloromethylthio-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide (CAS No. 133-06-2)and related compounds such as a captan (CAS No. 133-06-2), and may beused as a fungicide in a coating; or a combination thereof. Abactericide and/or a fungicide for a coating, particularly a waterbornecoating, comprises a Dowicil™ (Dow Chemical Company). Examples of aDowicil™ biocide include a Dowicil™ QK-20, which comprises a2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (CAS No. 10222-01-2), and may be usedas a bactericide at about 100 ppm to about 2000 ppm in a coating; aDowicil™ 75, which comprises a1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane chloride (CAS No.51229-78-8), and may be used as a bactericide at about 500 ppm to about1500 ppm in a coating; a Dowicil™ 96, which comprises a 7-ethylbicyclooxazolidine (CAS No. 7747-35-5), and may be used as a bactericideat about 1000 ppm to about 2500 ppm in a coating; a Bioban™ CS-1135,which comprises a 4,4-dimethyloxazolidine (CAS No. 51200-87-4), and maybe used as a bactericide at about 100 ppm to about 500 ppm in a coating,or a combination thereof the forgoing. An additional example of atradename preservative (e.g., a biocide) for a coating includes aKathon® (Rohm and Haas Company). An example of a Kathon® biocideincludes a Kathon® LX, which typically comprises a5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CAS no 26172-55-4) and a2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CAS no 2682-20-4) at about 1.5%, and maybe added from about 0.05% to about 0.15% in a coating. Examples oftradename fungicide and/or an algaecide include those described for aFungitrol® (International Specialty Products), which typically may beused as fungicide(s), and a Biotrend® (International SpecialtyProducts), which often is used as biocide(s); and are often formulatedfor a solvent based and/or a waterborne coating, an in-can and/or a filmpreservation. An example comprises a Fungitrol® 158, which comprisesabout 15% tributyltin benzoate (CAS No. 4342-36-3) and about 21.2%alkylamine hydrochlorides, and may be used at about 0.35% to about 0.75%in a waterborne coating for in-can and/or a film preservation. Anadditional example comprises a Fungitrol® 11, which comprises aN-(trichloromethylthio) phthalimide (CAS No. 133-07-3), and may be usedat about 0.5% to about 1.0% as a fungicide for solvent based coating. Afurther example comprises a Fungitrol® 400, which comprises about 98% a3-iodo-2-propynl N-butyl carbamate (“IPBC”) (Cas No. 55406-53-6), andmay be used at about 0.15% to about 0.45% as a fungicide for awaterborne and/or a solvent based coating.

Further examples of a tradename preservative (e.g., a biocide) for acoating includes various Omadine® and/or Triadine® product(s) (Archchemicals, Inc.), a Densil™ P, Densil™ C404 (e.g., a chlorthalonil), aDensil™ DN (BUBIT), a Densil™ DG20 and a Vantocil™ IB (Avecia Inc.), aPolyphase® 678, a Polyphase® 663, a Polyphase® CST, a Polyphase® 641, aTroysan® 680 (Troy Corp.), a Rocima® 550 (i.e., a preservative), aRocima® 607 (i.e., a preservative), a Rozone® 2000 (i.e., a dry filmfungicide), and a Skane™ M-8 (i.e., a dry film fungicide; Rohm and HaasCompany) and a Myacide™ GDA, a Myacide™ GA 15, a Myacide™ Ga 26, aMyacide™ 45, a Myacide™ AS Technical, a Myacide™ AS 2, a Myacide™ AS 30,a Myacide™ AS 15, a Protectol™ PE, a Daomet™ Technical and/or a Myacide™HT Technical (BASF Corp.). A zinc Omadine® (“zinc pyrithione”; CAS No.13463-41-7) may function as a fungicide and/or an algaecide typicallyused as an in-film preservative and/or an anti-fouling preservative; asodium Omadine® (“sodium pyrithione”; CAS No. 3811-73-2) may be used asa fungicide and/or an algaecide in-film preservative; a copper Omadine®(“copper pyrithione”; CAS No. 14915-37-8) may be used as a fungicideand/or an algaecide in-film preservative and/or an anti-foulingpreservative; a Triadine® 174 (“triazine,”“1,3,5-triazine-(2H,4H,6H)-triethanol”;“hexahydro-1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine”; Cas No. 4719-04-4)may function as a bacteria biostatic and/or a bactericide typically usedin a waterborne coating; an omacide IPBC (“Iodopropynyl-butylcarbomate”) may function as a fungicide; a Densil™ P comprises adithio-2,2-bis(benzmethylamide) (CAS No. 2527-58-4) and may be used inan industrial coating, a water-based coating and/or a film as afungicide and/or a bactericide; a Densil™ C404 comprises a2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile (“chlorothalonil”; CAS No.1897-45-6) and may be used as a fungicide; a Densil™ DN and a Densil™DG20 comprise a N-butyl-1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (CAS No. 4299-07-4),and each may be used as a fungicide; a Vantocil™ IB comprises apoly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride (“PHMB”; CAS No. 27083-27-8)and may function as a microbiocide; a Polyphase® 678 comprisescarbendazim (CAS No. 10605-21-7) and a 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate(CAS No. 55406-53-6), and may be used as an antimicrobial biocide for anexterior coating and/or a surface treatment; a Polyphase® 663 comprisesa 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (CAS No. 55406-53-6), a carbendazim(CAS No. 10605-21-7) and a diuron (CAS No. 330-54-1) and may be used asa fungicide and/or an algaecide in an exterior coating; a Rocima® 550comprises a 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CAS No. 2682-20-4), and maybe used as a bactericide and/or a fungicide for a waterborne coating; aRozone® 2000 comprises a 4,5-dichloro-2-N-octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone (CASNo. 64359-81-5) and may be used as a microbiocide for a latex coating; aSkane™ M-8 comprises a 2-Octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CAS No.26530-20-1), and may be used as an in-film fungicide; a Myacide™ GDATechnical (50% Glutaraldehyde), a Myacide™ GA 15, a Myacide™ Ga 26 and aMyacide™ 45 each comprise a glutaraldehyde solution (CAS No. 111-30-8),and are typically used as an algaecide, a bactericide, and/or afungicide; a Myacide™ AS Technical (Bronopol, solid), a Myacide™ AS 2,Myacide™ AS 30, a Myacide™AS 15 each comprise a2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol solution (“bronopol”; Cas No. 52-51-7)and are typically used as an algaecide; a Protectol™ PE comprises aphenoxyethanol liquid (CAS No. 122-99-6) and may be used as amicrobiocide and/or a fungicide; a Dazomet™ Technical comprises a3,5-dimethyl-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazinane-2-thione solid (“dazomet”; CAS No.533-74-4) and may be used as a microbiocide and/or a fungicide; aMyacide™ HT Technical comprises a1,3,5-tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3,5-hexahydrotriazine liquid (“Triazine,”CAS No. 4719-04-4) and may be used as a microbiocide and/or a fungicide.Additional examples of tradename preservatives (all from Cognis Corp.,Ambler, Pa.) includes a Nopcocide® N400, which comprises aCholorthalonil-40% solution; a Nopcocide® N-98, which comprises aChlorothalonil-100%; a Nopcocide® P-20, which comprises an IPBC-20%solution; a Nopcocide® P-40, which comprises an IPBC-40% solution; aNopcocide® P-100, which comprises an IPBC-100% active; or a combinationthereof.

Determination of whether damage to a coating and/or a film may be due toa microorganism (e.g., a film algal defacement, a film fungaldefacement), as well as the efficacy of addition of a preservative to acoating and/or a film composition in reducing microbial damage to acoating and/or a film, may be empirically determined [see, for example,Flick, E. W. “Handbook of Paint Raw Materials, Second Edition,” 263-285and 879-998, 1989; in “Paint and Coating Testing Manual, FourteenthEdition of the Gardner-Sward Handbook,” (Koleske, J. V. Ed.), pp 261-267and 654-661, 1995; in “Paint and Surface Coatings, Theory and Practice,Second Edition,” (Lambourne, R. and Strivens, T. A., Eds.), pp. 193-194,371-382 and 543-547, 1999; Wicks, Jr. et al., “Organic Coatings, Scienceand Technology, Volume 1: Film Formation, Components, and Appearance,”pp. 318-320, 1992; Wicks, Jr. et al., “Organic Coatings, Science andTechnology, Volume 2: Applications, Properties and Performance,” pp.145, 309, 319-323 and 340-341, 1992; in “Paints, Coatings and Solvents,Second, Completely Revised Edition,” (Stoye, D. and Freitag, W., Eds.)pp 6, 127 and 165, 1998. In conducting such tests, microorganisms suchas, for example, Gram-negative Eubacteria including Alcaligenes faecalis(ATCC No. 8750), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC Nos. 10145 and 15442),Pseudomonas fluorescens (ATCC No. 13525), Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCCNo. 13048), Escherichia coli (ATCC No. 11229), Proteus vulgaris (ATCCNo. 8427), Oscillatoria sp. (ATCC No. 29135), and Calothrix sp. (ATCCNo. 27914); Gram-positive Eubacteria including Bacillus subtilis (ATCCNo. 27328), Brevibacterium ammoniagenes (ATCC No. 6871), andStaphylococcus aureus (ATCC No. 6538); filamentous fungi includingAspergillus oryzae (ATCC No. 10196), Aspergillus flavus (ATCC No. 9643),Aspergillus niger (ATCC Nos. 9642 and 6275), Aureobasidium pullulans(ATCC No. 9348), Penicillium sp. (ATCC No. 12667), Penicillium citrinum(ATCC No. 9849), Penicillium funiculosum (ATCC No. 9644), Cladosporiumcladosporoides (ATCC No. 16022), Trichoderma viride (ATCC No. 9645),Ulocladium atrum (ATCC No. 52426), Alternaria alternate (ATCC No.52170), and Stachybotrys chartarum (ATCC No. 16026); yeast includingCandida albicans (ATCC No. 11651); and Protista including Chlorella sp.(ATCC No. 7516), Chlorella vulgaris (ATCC No. 11468), Chlorellapyrenoidosa (UTEX No. 1230), Chlorococcum oleofaciens (UTEX No. 105),Ulothrix acuminata (UTEX No. 739), Ulothrix gigas (ATCC No. 30443),Scenedesmus quadricauda (ATCC No. 11460), Trentepohlia aurea (UTEX No.429), and Trentepohlia odorata (CCAP No. 483/4); have been used aspositive control contaminants of a coating.

In additional aspects, a poor and/or a low microorganism/biologicalresistance rating for a coating may be denoted as a colonyrecovery/growth rating of 2 to 4, a discoloration/disfigurement ratingof 0 to 5, a fouling resistance (“F.R.”) or antifouling film (“A.F”)rating of 0 to 70, and observed growth (e.g., fungal growth) onspecimens of 2 to 4, respectively, as described in “ASTM Book ofStandards, Volume 06.01, Paint—Tests for Chemical, Physical, and OpticalProperties; Appearance,” D3274-95, D2574-00, D3273-00, D5589-97 andD5590-00, 2002; and in “ASTM Book of Standards, Volume 06.02,Paint—Products and Applications; Protective Coatings; PipelineCoatings,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa., U.S.A.,D3623-78a, 2002. An additional example of a standardmicroorganism/biological resistance assay may be described in “ASTM Bookof Standards, Volume 06.01, Paint—Tests for Chemical, Physical, andOptical Properties; Appearance,” D4610-98 and D3456-86, 2002; in “ASTMBook of Standards, Volume 06.02, Paint—Products and Applications;Protective Coatings; Pipeline Coatings,” D4938-89, D4939-89, D5108-90,D5479-94, D6442-99, D6632-01, D4940-98 and D5618-94, 2002; and “ASTMBook of Standards, Volume 06.03, Paint—Pigments, Drying Oils, Polymers,Resins, Naval Stores, Cellulosic Esters, and Ink Vehicles,” (2002) ASTMInternational, West Conshohocken, Pa., U.S.A., D912-81 and D964-65,2002.

As used herein, a coating (“coat,” “surface coat,” “surface coating”)refers to “a liquid, liquefiable or mastic composition that is convertedto a solid protective, decorative, or functional adherent film afterapplication as a thin layer” (“Paint and Coating Testing Manual,Fourteenth Edition of the Gardner-Sward Handbook” (Koleske, J. V. Ed.),p. 696, 1995; and in “ASTM Book of Standards, Volume 06.01, Paint—Testsfor Chemical, Physical, and Optical Properties; Appearance,” D16-00,2002). A coating comprising a preservative described herein inembodiments is generally thinner than many common types of coatings(e.g., a typical architectural paint), and in many embodiments, may befrom about a molecular layer (e.g., about 32 picometer (“pm”) to about10,000 pm) to about 5 μm thick.

A biomolecule composition may be incorporated upon and/or within (e.g.,embedded) a material formulation used in the manufacture of an article,a device, a composition, etc. via methods described herein or as wouldbe known to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the presentdisclosure. These methods include, for example, application of a surfacetreatment (e.g., a coating) to the surface of a manufactured article, adevice, and/or a composition, etc.; direct addition to a materialformulation, incorporation as a component of a de novo formulationduring preparation, post preparation absorption, in situ incorporation,post-polymerization incorporation, or a combination thereof, and may beused a substitute for, or in combination with, the other techniquesdescribed herein for processing and incorporation of such a compositioninto a material formulation. For a purpose such as ease of production, amaterial formulation may be provided as a single premixed formulation.In some embodiments, the components of a material formulation may bestored separately prior to combining for use. For example, for a purposesuch as to optimize the initial activity (e.g., the activity of abiomolecule composition component) and/or extend the useful lifetime ofthe material formulation and/or the activity of a biomoleculecomposition, a biomolecule composition may be packaged separately fromthe other components of a material formulation into which thebiomolecule composition may be added/incorporated/admixed. Thus, incertain embodiments, one or more components of a material formulationmay be stored separately (e.g., a kit of components) prior to combining.The components may be stored in two or more containers (“pot”) (e.g.,about 2 to about 20 containers) in a multipack kit. In preferredembodiments, the biomolecule composition is incorporated into a surfacetreatment (e.g., a coating) that is applied to the surface of a materialthat will be at least a part or all of a manufactured article, a device,a composition, etc.

In specific embodiments, an antibiological enzyme comprises aglycosylase (EC 3.2). In more specific embodiments, the enzyme comprisesa glycosidase (EC 3.2.1), which comprises an enzyme that hydrolyses anO-glycosyl compound, a S-glycosyl compound, or a combination thereof. Inparticular aspects, the glycosidase acts on an O-glycosyl compound, andexamples of such an enzyme include a lysozyme, an agarase, a cellulase,a chitinase, or a combination thereof. In other embodiments, anantibiological enzyme include a lysozyme, a lysostaphin, a libiase, alysyl endopeptidase, a mutanolysin, a cellulase, a chitinase, anα-agarase, an β-agarase, a N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase, a lytictransglycosylase, a glucan endo-1,3-β-D-glucosidase, anendo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase, a β-lytic metalloendopeptidase, a3-deoxy-2-octulosonidase, apeptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase, amannosyl-glycoprotein endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, a ι-carrageenase,a κ-carrageenase, a λ-carrageenase, an α-neoagaro-oligosaccharidehydrolase, an endolysin, an autolysin, a mannoprotein protease, aglucanase, a mannose, a zymolase, a lyticase. a lipolytic enzyme, or acombination thereof. Such antibiological enzymes are described, forexample, in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/696,651, 12/696,651,12/474,921 and 12/882,563, each specifically incorporated herein byreference. In some aspects, such an antibiological biomoleculecomposition may possess a biocidal and/or a biostatic activity. Anantibiological biomolecule composition may be combined with any otherantibiological agent described herein and/or known in the art, such as apreservative and/or an antimicrobial agent (e.g., a chemical biocide, achemical biostatic, a fungicide, a fungistatic, a bactericide, analgaecide, etc.) (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,618,066).

An antibiological agent may be incorporated in a thermoplastic and/orapplied to a surface of a thermoplastic. A thermoplastic comprises athermoplastic polymer, and may be described as “plastics capable ofbeing repeatedly softened or melted by increases in temperature andhardened by decreases in temperature. These changes are physical ratherthan chemical.” [Handbook of Plastics, Elastomers, & Composites FourthEdition” (Harper, C. A. Ed.) McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, New York, p.780, 2002]. In certain embodiments, the thermoplastic polymeric materialcomprises a biodegradable polymer [e.g., a natural polymer, a syntheticpolymer, a photodegradable polymer, a biomedical polymer such as apoly(alkylene oxalate), a polyamino acid, a pseudo-polyamino acid, apolyanhydride, a polycaprolactone, a polycyanoacrylate, a polydioxanone,a polyglycolide, a poly(hexamethylene-co-trans-1,4-cyclohexanedimethylene oxalate), a polyhydroxybutyrate, a polyhydroxyvalerate, apolylactide, a poly(ortho ester), a poly (p-dioxanone), apolyphosphazene, a poly(propylene fumarate), a polyvinyl alcohol, apolyacryate [e.g., a polymethacylate, a poly(ethyleneglycol-monomethacrylate)], a gelatin, a dextrin (e.g., a maltodextrin),an acacia, a polyaminotriazole, an albumin, a collagen, a fibrinogen, afibrin, a gelatin, a polysaccharide; etc.], a cellulosic polymer (e.g.,a cellulose acetate, a cellulose triacetate, a cellulose acetatebutyrate, a cellulose acetate propionate, a cellulose methylcellulose, amethylcellulose, a cellulosehydroxyethyl, an ethylcellulose, ahydroxypropylcellulose, a nitrocellulose, a regenerated cellulose,etc.), a fluoropolymer (e.g., an ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, anethylene tetrafluoroethylene, a fluoridated ethylene propylene, apolyvinylidene fluoride, a polychlorotrifluoroethylene, apolytetrafluoroethylene, a tetrachloroethylene-perfluorovinyl ethercopolymer, a polyvinyl fluoride, etc.), a polyether (e.g., a polyarylether, a chlorinated polyether, a polyoxymethylene, a polyoxyethylene, apolyoxypropylene, etc.), a polyamide (e.g., an aromatic polyamide, apolyphthalamide, etc.), a polyacrylonitrile, a polyamide-imide, apolyarylate, a polybenzimidazole, a polybutylene, a polycarbonate, athermoplastic polyester (e.g., a liquid crystal polyester, apolybutylene terephthalate, a polycyclohexylenedimethyleneterephthalate, a polyethylene terephthalate, a polyethylene naphthalene,etc.), a polyetherimide, a polyethylene (e.g., a very low-densitypolyethylene, a low-density polyethylene, a linear low-densitypolyethylene, a medium-density polyethylene, a high-densitypolyethylene, an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, a chlorinatedpolyethylene, a phosphorylated polyethylene, an ethylene-acrylic acidcopolymer, an ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer, an ethylene-ethylacrylate copolymer, an ethylene-n-butyl acrylate copolymer, anethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer,etc.), a polyimide, a polyketone, an acrylic, a polymethylpentene, apolyphenylene oxide, a polyarylene sulphide, a polypropylene, apolyurethane, a polystyrene (e.g., a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, astyrene-butadiene copolymer, an acrylonitrile butadiene styreneterpolymer, an acrylonitrile-chlorinated polyethylene-styreneterpolymer, an acrylic styrene acrylonitrile terpolymer, astyrene-acrylic copolymer, a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer, astyrene-maleic anhydride copolymer, a reactive polystyrene, etc.), apolysulfone resin (e.g., a polysulfone, a polyaryl sulfone, a polyethersulfone, a polyphenyl sulfone, etc.), a polyterpene, a polyvinyl acetal,a polyvinyl acetate, a thermoplastic vinyl ester, a polyvinyl ether, apolyvinyl carbazole, a polyvinyl chloride (e.g., a chlorinated polyvinylchloride, etc.), a polyvinylidene chloride, a polyimidazopyrrolone, apolyacrolein, a polyvinylpyridine, a polyvinylamide, a polyurea, apolyquinoxaline, or a combination thereof.

The antibiological agent may be incorporated in a thermoset and/orapplied to a surface of a thermoset. A thermoset (“thermoset plastic,”“thermoset material”) may be described as a “material that will undergo,and/or has undergone, a chemical reaction by the action of heat,catalysts, ultraviolet light, and the like, leading to a relativelyinfusible state that will not remelt after setting” [Handbook ofPlastics, Elastomers, & Composites Fourth Edition” (Harper, C. A. Ed.)McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, New York, 109, 2002]. A thermoset materialgenerally comprises a resin (“thermoset resin,” “thermosetting resin”),often described as “any class of solid, semi-solid, or liquid organicmaterial, generally the product of natural or synthetic origin with ahigh molecular weight and no melting point” [Handbook of Plastics,Elastomers, & Composites Fourth Edition” (Harper, C. A. Ed.) McGraw-HillCompanies, Inc, New York, 109, 2002]. An example of a thermoset resinincludes an alkyd resin, an allyl resin, an amino resin, a bismaleimideresin, an epoxy resin, a phenolic resin, a polyester resin, a polyimideresin, a polyurethane resin, a silicon resin, a vinyl ester resin, acasein, or a combination thereof.

The antibiological agent may be incorporated in an elastomer and/orapplied to the surface of an elastomer. As used herein, an elastomer(“elastomeric material”) comprises a “macromolecular material thatreturns rapidly to approximately the initial dimensions and shape aftersubstantial deformation by a weak stress and release of the stress”while a rubber comprises a material “capable of recovering from a largedeformation quickly and forcibly, and can be, and/or are already is,modified to a state in which it is essentially insoluble (but can swell)in a solvent.” A rubber retracts within about one minute to less thanabout 1.5 times its original length after being held for about oneminute at about twice its length at room temperature, while an elastomerretracts within about five minutes to within about 10% original lengthafter being held for about five minutes at about twice its length atroom temperature. In contrast, a plastic possesses plasticity, whereapplication of a force that exceeds the material's yield value deformsthe material continuously and permanently without rupture. An example ofan elastomer includes a thermoplastic elastomer (e.g., an elastomericpolyolefin, a thermoplastic vulcanizate, a styrenic thermoplasticelastomer, a styrene-butadiene rubber, a thermoplastic polyurethaneelastomer, a thermoplastic copolyester elastomer, a polyamidethermoplastic elastomer, etc.), a melt processable rubber, a syntheticrubber [e.g., a nitrile butadiene rubber, a butadiene rubber, a butylrubber, a chlorosulfonated polyethylene, an epichlorohydrin, an ethylenepropylene copolymer, a fluoroelastomer, a polyacrylate rubber, apoly(ethylene acrylic), a polychloroprene, a polyisoprene, a polysulfiderubber, a styrene butadiene rubber, a silicone rubber, etc.], a naturalrubber, a propylene oxide elastomer, an ethylene-isoprene elastomer, anethylene-vinyl acetate elastomer, a non-polymeric elastomer (e.g., avulcanized oil), or a combination thereof.

The antibiological agent may be incorporated in an adhesive and/or asealant; and/or applied to a surface of an adhesive and/or a sealant. Anadhesive refers to a composition capable of attachment to one or moresurfaces (“substrates”) of one or more objects (“adherents”), whereinthe composition comprises a solid or is capable of converting into thesolid, wherein the solid is capable of holding a plurality of objects(“adherents”) together by attachment to the surface of the objects whilewithstanding a normal operating stress load placed upon the objects andthe solid. An adhesive typically comprises a solid or a liquid, butconverts into a solid final form (“set”) during normal use with desiredattachment and material strength properties. A sealant comprises acomposition capable of attachment to a plurality of surfaces to fill aspace and/or a gap between the plurality of surfaces and form a barrierto a gas, a liquid, a solid particle, an insect, or a combinationthereof. An adhesive generally functions to prevent movement of theadherents, while a sealant typically functions to seal adherents thatmove. An abhesive comprises a material (e.g., a coating such as a clearcoating or a paint; or a mold release agent such a plastic release film)applied to a surface to inhibit adhesion/sticking of an additionalmaterial to the abhesive and/or a surface the abhesive covers. A “filmadhesive” refers to a dry layer of an adhesive at the thickness of apolymeric film (“adhesive film”) and/or a sheet (“adhesive sheet”)generally capable of being cured by heat and/or pressure.

An adhesive may be classified by composition as a thermoplasticadhesive, a thermoset adhesive (“thermosetting adhesive”), anelastomeric adhesive, or a combination thereof (e.g., “alloy blendadhesive,” “alloy adhesive,” “blend adhesive”). Examples of adhesiveinclude a thermoplastic adhesive, a thermoset adhesive, an elastomericadhesive, an alloy adhesive, a non-polymeric adhesive, or a combinationthereof. Examples of an adhesive includes a cellulosic adhesive, acyanoacrylate adhesive, a dextrin adhesive, an ethylene-vinyl acetatecopolymer adhesive, a melamine formaldehyde adhesive, a natural rubberadhesive, a neoprene/phenolic adhesive, a neoprene rubber adhesive, anitrile rubber adhesive, a nitrile/phenolic adhesive, a phenolicadhesive, a phenol/resorcinol formaldehyde adhesive, a phenoxy adhesive,a polyamide adhesive, a polybenzimidazole adhesive, a polyethyleneadhesive, a polyester adhesive, a polyimide adhesive, a polyisobutyleneadhesive, a polysulfide adhesive, a polyurethane adhesive, a polyvinylacetal adhesive, a polyvinyl acetal/phenolic adhesive, a polyvinylacetate adhesive, a polyvinyl alcohol adhesive, a reclaimed rubberadhesive, a resorcinol adhesive, a silicone adhesive, a styrenic TPEadhesive, a styrene butadiene adhesive, a vinyl phenolic adhesive, avinyl vinylidene adhesive, an acrylic acid diester adhesive, an epoxyadhesive, an epoxy/phenolic adhesive, an epoxy/polysulfide adhesive, anurea formaldehyde adhesive, an urea formaldehyde/melamine formaldehydeadhesive, an urea formaldehyde/phenol resorcinol adhesive, or acombination thereof. Examples of a thermosetting adhesive comprise anacrylic adhesive, an acrylic acid diester adhesive, a cyanoacrylateadhesive, a cyanate ester adhesive, an epoxy adhesive, a melamineformaldehyde adhesive, a phenolic adhesive, a polybenzimidazoleadhesive, a polyester adhesive, a polyimide adhesive, a polyurethaneadhesive, a resorcinol adhesive, an urea formaldehyde adhesive, or acombination thereof. Examples of a thermoplastic adhesive comprise anacrylic adhesive, an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer adhesive, acarbohydrate adhesive (e.g., a dextrin adhesive, a starch adhesive,etc.), a cellulosic adhesive (e.g., a cellulose acetate adhesive,cellulose acetate butyrate adhesive, cellulose nitrate adhesive, etc.),a polyethylene adhesive, a phenoxy adhesive, a polyamide adhesive, apolyvinyl acetal adhesive, a polyvinyl acetate adhesive, a polyvinylalcohol adhesive, a protein adhesive (e.g., an animal adhesive, asoybean adhesive, a blood adhesive, a fish adhesive, a casein adhesive,etc.), a vinyl vinylidene adhesive, or a combination thereof. Examplesof an elastomeric adhesive comprise a butyl rubber adhesive, a naturalrubber adhesive, a neoprene rubber adhesive, a nitrile rubber adhesive,a polyisobutylene adhesive, a polysulfide adhesive, a reclaimed rubberadhesive, a silicone adhesive, a styrenic TPE adhesive, a styrenebutadiene adhesive, or a combination thereof. Examples of an alloyadhesive comprise an epoxy/polyamide adhesive, an epoxy/phenolicadhesive, an epoxy/polysulfide adhesive, a neoprene/phenolic adhesive, anitrile/phenolic adhesive, a phenol/resorcinol formaldehyde adhesive, apolyvinyl acetal/phenolic adhesive, a vinyl/phenolic adhesive, an ureaformaldehyde/phenol resorcinol adhesive, a urea formaldehyde/melamineformaldehyde adhesive, or a combination thereof. Examples of anon-polymeric adhesive include a mucilage adhesive.

The antibiological agent may be incorporated in a foamed materialformulation and/or applied to a surface of a foamed materialformulation. Foaming modifies a solid material formulation (e.g., apolymeric material) to comprise voids (“cells”) by the action of ablowing agent, though mechanical action may be used to whip a gas (e.g.,air) into a material formulation prior to curing and/or solidification.In context, a plastic that has undergone foaming may be referred to as a“cellular plastic,” “foam,” etc, an elastomer that has undergone foamingmay be known herein as a “cellular elastomer,” “foamed elastomer,” etc.,a polymeric material that has undergone foaming may be known herein as a“cellular polymeric material” “foamed polymeric material,” etc., and soforth.

The antibiological agent may be applied to a polymeric materialcomprising a reinforcement and/or applied to surface of a polymericmaterial comprising a reinforcement. Examples of a polymeric materialcomprising a reinforcement include a reinforced polymeric material(e.g., a reinforced plastic, a reinforced thermoset, a reinforcedthermoplastic, a reinforced elastomer, etc.), a composite, a laminate, ahoneycomb, a coated fabric, or a combination thereof. A reinforcedpolymeric material comprises a polymer and a reinforcing filler. Areinforced polymeric material may be initially prepared in the form of amolding compound, which refers to a moldable solid and/or semisolid formof a reinforced polymeric material. Examples of a polymeric materialcomprising a reinforcement include a reinforced polymeric material(e.g., a reinforced plastic), a composite, a laminate, a honeycomb, acoated fabric, or a combination thereof. A sheet molding compound(“SMC”) may be prepared using a conveyor belt moving a plastic film(e.g., a PP film) covered with a layer of a molding compound resin(e.g., an unsaturated polyester resin, a vinyl ester resin, apolyurethane, etc.) being layered with a reinforcement (e.g., afiberglass such as a roving, usually up to about 30% to about 40% glassfiber), and that layer of molding compound and reinforcement covered byanother layer of molding compound and a plastic film. A sheet may beproduced, for example, comprising layers of a plastic film, a moldingcompound, and a plastic film, often up to about 6.5 mm thick, that maybe cut into a desired size. A bulk molding compound (“BMC,”“high-strength compound”) generally comprises a thermoset resin (e.g.,an alkyd resin, an allyl resin, an amino resin, an epoxy resin, aphenolic resin, a polyester resin, a vinyl ester resin, a silicon resin,etc.) and a reinforcement (e.g., a fiber up to about 2.6 cm), a filler,an additive, or a combination thereof, and may be prepared by mixing atlow intensity to reduce reinforcement degradation.

A composite (“composite material”) comprises a polymer in the form of aninfusible polymer matrix and a reinforcement, wherein the identities andproperties of the polymer and the reinforcement are retained. Thereinforcement may be held, bound, bonded, resides, and/or embeddedwithin the matrix. A composite may be classified by the matrix material,and examples of a composite includes a polymer matrix composite, a metal(e.g., an aluminum, a titanium, etc.) composite, a ceramic (e.g., analumina, a glass, a silicon carbide, etc.) composite, a carbon (e.g., anamorphous carbon) composite, or a combination thereof.

A type of composite comprises a laminate, which may be created bystacking and binding a plurality of layers of one or more materials,wherein each layer comprises a reinforcement and/or a polymer matrixmaterial. A layer of material in a laminate may comprise a polymericfilm and/or a sheet of a polymeric material (e.g., a composite, aplastic, an elastomer, etc.), a reinforcement (e.g., a metal, a wood, aglass, etc.), or a combination thereof. A multilayered plastic filmand/or a multilayered plastic sheet may be produced by coextrusionrather than creation of a laminate, due to the ease of processing.

Processing of a polymeric material refers to manipulation of thematerial into a desired form of shape, size, consistency (e.g., asolid), etc. Often a polymeric material undergoes drying to removedmoisture and/or a volatile liquid component (e.g., water) prior toprocessing to allow production of a suitable product. A polymericmaterial may comprise an additive, such as one or more antimicrobialagent(s), to confer and/or modify a property of the polymeric materialformulation. An additive (“modifier”) used in a polymeric material maybe incorporated (“compounded”), such as by being admixed, absorbed, etc.into the polymeric material and/or a precursor material (e.g., amonomer, a prepolymer). It is contemplated that any additives describedherein (e.g., a coating additive) or that would be known to one ofordinary skill in the art may be incorporated into a polymeric material,with non-limiting examples including an adhesion promoter, an anti-agingadditive, an anti-blocking agent, an anti-fogging agent, an antioxidant,an antiozonant, an antistatic agent, a blowing agent, a coupling agent,a crosslinking agent, a curing agent (e.g., a catalyst), a colorant, adefoamer, a degrading agent, a deodorant, a diluent, a dispersant, afiller, a flame retardant, a flux (i.e., a processing flow enhancer suchas a coumarone-indene resin for use in a vinyl polymer), an impactmodifier, an inhibitor, an initiator, a low-profile additive, alubricant, an antimicrobial agent, a plasticizer, a promoter, a slipagent, a processing aid, a thickening agent, a thinner, a mold releaseagent, a thixotrope, a nucleating agent, a stabilizer (e.g., a heatstabilizer, a light stabilizer such as an UV stabilizer also known as a“UV protector”), a surfactant, an odorant, a wetting agent, or acombination thereof.

It is contemplated that any processing technique for a polymericmaterial described herein or that would be known to one of ordinaryskill in the art may be used to form an article of manufacture, adevice, a material formulation, etc. which may be coated and/orincorporate an antibiological agent. Non-limiting examples of suchprocessing techniques include: injection molding, injection compressionthat may be used to prepare a thin walled part, continuous chaininjection molding, co-injection molding, reciprocating-screw injectionmolding, screw plasticating injection molding, transfer molding,injection blow molding, blow molding, compression molding, vacuum bagmolding, pressure bag molding, autoclaved molding, calendaring, solventcasting, solution casting, solvent molding, dip casting (“dip molding”),thermoforming, stretch forming, skiving, cold drawing, cold forming,forging ram extrusion, extrusion coextrusion, rotational molding, slushmolding, spinning melt spinning, foam molding, integrated skin molding,steam molding, sandwich molding, in situ foam molding, in mold assembly,injection molding hybridization, potting encapsulation casting, or acombination thereof.

In some embodiments, polymeric material processing techniques that uselower temperatures are preferred (e.g., solvent casting, solutioncasting, cold drawing, cold forming, etc.) for use when incorporatingand/or applying the antibiological agent and/or a surface treatment(e.g., a coating, a textile finish) comprising an antibiological agent,during or immediately after the processing technique. For example,coating (e.g., clear coating, painting) of the device and/or thesub-device may occur as well in the in-mold assembly to improveefficiency of manufacture. For example, a surface of a laminate [e.g., amaterial layer (“substrate layer”)-foam-skin laminate] may be coated aspart of an in-mold assembly process. Reaction injection moldingtypically involves injecting a chemically reactive component (e.g., aprepolymer of a thermoset) into a mold to undergo production of apolymeric material, often as part of an in mold assembly process (e.g.,a reaction to produce a foam layer in association with a skin).

In some embodiments, an article of manufacture, a device, a materialformulation, etc. such as one comprising a polymeric material such as aplastic, reinforced polymeric material, composite (e.g., a laminate), ora combination thereof, may be further processed by standardprocessing/manufacturing techniques known to those of ordinary skill inthe art, after release from a mold and/or being fashioned (e.g., diecut, knife cut, etc.) into a desired shape, size, and/or materialproperties. A polymeric material object may be further altered throughtooling and machining such as abrasion, grinding, grit blasting,drilling, threading, welding (e.g., friction welding, ultrasonicwelding, heat welding, heated tool welding, resistance wire welding,induction welding, infrared welding, hot-gas welding, laser welding,vibration welding, spin welding, stitching, etc.), cutting, tapping,reaming, sawing, milling, turning, routing, wire brushing, etc, often toallow assembly with other component(s). For example, an article and/or adevice comprising a polymeric material may be produced by fabrication,which involves machining a polymeric material, often in the form of asheet, a tube, and/or a rod, into a desired form, and assembled asdesired with other component(s) using such processes as ashing,blanking, buffing, cementing, drawing, drilling, filing, forming, flametreatment of a polymeric material surface, grinding, milling, piercing,polishing (e.g., flame polishing a thermoplastic), sanding, sawing,tumbling, routing, turning, trimming, or a combination thereof. Anadhesive may be used to bind such items and/or components as desired. Apolymeric film and/or a sheet may be cut to desired size to produce atape, and combined with an adhesive. An insert may be incorporated inand/or upon the polymeric material, typically through welding.

A surface treatment (e.g., a coating, a textile finish) may be added tothe surface of a material (e.g., a polymeric material, glass, a surfacealready treated or coated with a surface treatment, etc.), and in someembodiments the surface treatment comprises an upper layer of material(e.g., a topcoat). The antibiological agent and/or a surface treatmentcomprising the antibiological agent may also be applied to the surfaceof a material that has not been treated with another surface treatment.For example, various coating techniques, including machine-based coatingtechniques, as described herein or as would be known to one of ordinaryskill in the art may be used. For example, roll coating may use a rollto move a polymeric sheet and/or a polymeric film through a coating in apan to coat the polymeric sheet and/or the polymeric film. Vapor curingmay be used to coat a material and involves contacting an uncrosslinkedcoating with a vaporized curing agent in an enclosed chamber to producea cured coating upon the material.

Numerous assays described herein or as would be known to one of ordinaryskill in the art for determining the properties of a manufacturedarticle, a device, etc. comprising a polymeric material (e.g., aplastic) are available to aid in preparation, processing, post cureprocessing, and/or completion of manufacture of the manufacturedarticle, a device, etc. For example, an assay may be used to tailor oneor more properties of an article, a device, a composition, etc. madefrom a polymeric material as desired, particularly in formulating apolymeric material comprising an antibiological agent (e.g., viaincorporation, applying the antibiological agent to the surface,applying a surface treatment comprising an antibiological agent to asurface, etc.).

The properties of an antibiological agent in and/or upon a manufacturedarticle, a device, a material formulation, etc. may be empiricallydetermined by techniques described herein or as would be known to one ofordinary skill in the art. For example, a coating, such as onecomprising an antibiological agent described herein, with a desired setof properties for a particular use may be prepared by varying the rangesand/or combinations of coating component(s), including a biomoleculecomposition (e.g., a bio-based antibiological agent) described herein,and such coating selection and preparation may be done in light of thepresent disclosures. For example, a variety of assays are available tomeasure various properties of a coating, a coating applicationtechnique, and/or a film to determine the degree of suitability of acoating composition for use in a particular use (see, for example, in“Hess's Paint Film Defects: Their Causes and Cure,” SpringerNetherlands, 1979). In a further example, the physical properties (e.g.,purity, density, solubility, volume solids and/or specific gravity,rheology, viscometry, and particle size) of the resulting a liquidcoating product (e.g., on comprising a biomolecule composition), can beassessed using standard techniques of the art and/or as described inPAINT AND COATING TESTING MANUAL, 14^(th) ed. of the Gardner-SwardHandbook, J. V. Koleske, Editor (1995), American Society for Testing andMaterials (ASTM), Ann Arbor, Mich., and applicable published ASTM assaymethods. Alternatively, any other suitable assay method of the art, maybe employed for assessing physical properties of the coating mixturecomprising an above-described antibiological agent. A paint and/or acoating comprising an antibiological agent may then be assayed and usedas described elsewhere herein, or the product may be employed for anyother suitable purpose in the art in light of this disclosure.

For example, weathering resistance refers to a film's ability to endureand/or protect a surface from an external environmental condition.Examples of environmental conditions that may damage a film and/or asurface include contact with varying conditions of temperature,moisture, sunlight (e.g., UV resistance), pollution, biologicalorganisms, or a combination thereof. Examples of a standard techniquefor determining the weathering resistance of a film (e.g., a film on amanufactured article) by evaluating the degree of damage (e.g., fungalgrowth, color alteration, dirt accumulation, gloss loss, chalking,cracking, blistering, flaking, erosion, surface rust), are described in“ASTM Book of Standards, Volume 06.01, Paint—Tests for Chemical,Physical, and Optical Properties; Appearance,” D4141-01, D1729-96,D660-93, D661-93, D662-93, D772-86, D4214-98, D3274-95, D714-02,D1654-92, D2244-02, D523-89, D1006-01, D1014-95, and D1186-01, 2002;“ASTM Book of Standards, Volume 06.02, Paint—Products and Applications;Protective Coatings; Pipeline Coatings,” D3719-00, D610-01, D1641-97,D2830-96, and D6763-02, 2002; and “Paint and Coating Testing Manual,Fourteenth Edition of the Gardner-Sward Handbook,” (Koleske, J. V. Ed.),pp. 619-642, 1995. Additionally, standard techniques in the art fordetermining the resistance of a film to artificial weathering (e.g.,heat, moisture, light, UV irradiation) at an accelerated timetable aredescribed in “ASTM Book of Standards, Volume 06.01, Paint—Tests forChemical, Physical, and Optical Properties; Appearance,” D822-01,D4587-01, D5031-01, D6631-01, D6695-01, D5894-96, and D4141-01, 2002;“ASTM Book of Standards, Volume 06.02, Paint—Products and Applications;Protective Coatings; Pipeline Coatings,” D5722-95, D3361-01 andD3424-01, 2002; and “Paint and Coating Testing Manual, FourteenthEdition of the Gardner-Sward Handbook” (Koleske, J. V. Ed.), pp.643-653, 1995.

Standard procedures for determining the visual appearance of a coatingcomponent, a coating and/or a film (e.g., reflectance, retroreflectance,fluorescence, photoluminescent light transmission, color, tintingstrength, whiteness, gloss, measurement instruments, computerized dataanalysis) have been described, for example, in “ASTM Book of Standards,Volume 06.01, Paint—Tests for Chemical, Physical, and OpticalProperties; Appearance,” E284-02b, E312-02, E805-01a, E179-96, E991-98,E1247-92, E308-01, E313-00, E808-01, E1336-96, E1341-96, E1347-97,E1360-90, D332-87, D387-00, E1455-97, E1477-98a, E1478-97 E1164-02,E1331-96, E1345-98, E1348-02, E1349-90, D5531-94, D3964-80, E1651-94,E1682-96, E1708-95, E1767-95, E1808-96, E1809-01, E2022-01, E2072-00,E2073-02, E2152-01, E2153-01, D1544-98, E259-98, D3022-84, D1535-01,E2175-01, E2214-02, D4449-90, E167-96, E430-97, D4039-93, D5767-95, andE2222-02, 2002; “ASTM Book of Standards, Volume 06.02, Paint—Productsand Applications; Protective Coatings; Pipeline Coatings,” D4838-88,D3928-00a, and D5326-94a, 2002; and “ASTM Book of Standards, Volume06.03, Paint—Pigments, Drying Oils, Polymers, Resins, Naval Stores,Cellulosic Esters, and Ink Vehicles,” D2090-98, D2090-98 and D6166-97,2002. Specific techniques for matching two or more colored coatingsand/or coating components to reduce differences (e.g., metamerism) havebeen described, for example, in “ASTM Book of Standards, Volume 06.01,Paint—Tests for Chemical, Physical, and Optical Properties; Appearance,”D4086-92a, E1541-98 D2244-02 2002. Specific techniques for determiningdifferences in the color of a coating and/or a coating component,particularly to insure color consistency of a coating composition, havebeen described, for example, in “ASTM Book of Standards, Volume 06.01,Paint—Tests for Chemical, Physical, and Optical Properties; Appearance,”D1729-96, D2616-96, E1499-97, and D3134-97, 2002.

As used herein, “bioactivity resistance” refers to the ability of abiomolecule composition to confer a desired property during and/or aftercontact with a stress condition normally assayed for in a standard assayprocedure for a material formulation. Examples of such a stresscondition includes, for example, a temperature (e.g., a bakingcondition), contact with a material formulation component (e.g., anorganic liquid component), contact with a chemical reaction (e.g.,thermosetting film formation), contact with damaging agent to a materialformulation (e.g., weathering such as UV irradiation via sunlight,detergents, and/or solvents such as automotive chemicals and/orpetroleum products), etc. In specific facets, wherein a biomoleculecomposition comprises a desired biomolecule (e.g., a bio-basedantibiological agent), a biomolecule may possess a greater bioactivityresistance such as determined with such an assay procedure, and aparticular coating formulation may be optimized for a desired range ofbioactivity resistance.

Such bioactivity resistance may be determined using a standard procedurefor material formulation described herein or in the art, in light of thepresent disclosures. For example, any assay described herein or in theart in light of the present disclosures may be used to determine thebioactivity resistance wherein an enzyme retains detectable enzymaticactivity upon contact with a condition typically encountered in astandard assay. Additionally, in certain aspects, it is contemplatedthat a material formulation comprising an enzyme may lose part or all ofa detectable, desirable bioactivity during the period of time of contactwith standard assay condition, but regain part or all of the enzymaticbioactivity after return to non-assay conditions. An example of thisprocess is the thermal denaturation of an enzyme at an elevatedtemperature range into a configuration with lowered or absentbioactivity, followed by refolding of an enzyme, upon return to a moresuitable temperature range for the enzyme, into a configurationpossessing part or all of the enzymatic bioactivity detectable prior tocontact with the elevated temperature. In another example, an enzyme maydemonstrate such an increase in bioactivity upon removal of a solvent, achemical, etc.

In some embodiments, an enzyme identified as having a desirableenzymatic property for one or more target substrates may be selected forincorporation into a material formulation. The determination of anenzymatic property may be conducted using any technique described hereinor in the art, in light of the present disclosures. For example, thedetermination of the rate of cleavage of a substrate, with or without acompetitive or non-competitive enzyme inhibitor, can be utilized indetermining the enzymatic properties of an enzyme, such as V_(max),K_(m), K_(cat)/K_(m) and the like, using analytical techniques such asLineweaver-Burke analysis, Bronsted plots, etc Brockerhoff, Hans andJensen, Robert G. “Lipolytic Enzymes”, pp 10-24, 1974; Dumas, D. P. etal., Biotech. Appl. Biochem. 11:235-243, 1989; Dumas, D. P. et al., TheJournal of Bio. Chem. 264(33):19659-19665, 1989; Dumas, D. P. et al.,Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 277:155-159, 1990; Caldwell, S. R. and Raushel,F. M., Biochem. 30:744-7450, 1991; Donarski, W. J. et al., Biochemistry28:4650-4655, 1989; Raveh, L. et al., Biochemical Pharmacology44(2):397-400, 1992: Shim, H. et al., J. Biol. Chem.273(28):17445-17450, 1998; Watkins, L. M. et al., J. Biol. Chem.272(41):25596-25601, 1997; Hill, C. M. et al., Bioorganic MedicinalChemistry Letters 10:1285-1288, 2000; Hartleib, J. and Ruterjans, HBiochim et Biophys Acta 1546:312-324, 2001; Lineweaver, H. and Burke, D.“J. Am. Chem. Soc. 56:658-666, 1934; Segel, I. H. BiochemicalCalculations: How to Solve Mathmatical Problems in General Biochemistry2^(nd) Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1976). Such analysismay be used to identify an enzyme with a specifically enzymatic propertyfor one or more substrates, given that use of an assay for an enzyme'sactivity may be incorporated with identification of a proteinaceousmolecule as having enzymatic activity.

For example, lipolytic enzymes and phosphoric triester hydrolases havedemonstrated the ability to degrade a wide variety of lipids and OPcompounds, respectively. Methods for measuring the ability of an enzymeto degrade a lipid or an OP compound are described herein as well as inthe art. Any such technique may be utilized to determine enzymaticactivity of a composition for a particular lipid or an OP compound. Forexample, techniques for measuring the enzymatic degradation for variouslipids comprising an ester and/or other hydrolysable moiety, including atriglyceride such as a triolein, an olive oil, and/or a tributyrin; achromogenic substrate such as 4-methylumbelliferone, and/or a4-methylumbelliferone; and/or a radioactively labeled glycerol estersubstrate, such as a glycerol [³H]oleic acid esters; may be used (see,for example, Brockerhoff, Hans and Jensen, Robert G. “LipolyticEnzymes.” pp-25-34, 1974). To measure a lipolytic enzyme's activityagainst a substrate, a molecular monolayer of a lipid substrate may beused to control variables such as pressure, charge potential, density,interfacial characteristics, enzyme binding, and/or the effects of aninhibitor, in measuring lipolytic enzyme kinetics [see for example,Gargouri, Y. et al., Eur J Biochem., 180(2):367-371, 1989; Melo, E. P.et al., Biochemistry, 34(5):1615-1621, 1995; In “Methods and MolecularBiology, Volume 109 Lipase and Phospholipase Protocols.” (Mark Doolittleand Karen Reue, Eds.), Humana Press, pp. 157-164, 177-186, 203-213,279-302, 1999].

In an additional example, measuring the activity, stability, and otherproperty(s) of an enzyme may be conducted using techniques in the art.For example, methods for measuring the activity of a phospholipase A₂and a phospholipase C by the thin layer chromatography productseparation, the fluorescence change of a labeled substrate (e.g., adansyl-labeled glycerol, a pyrene-PI, a pyrene-PG), the release ofproduct(s) from a radiolabled substrate (e.g., [³H]Plasmenylcholine)have been described [see for example, in “Methods and Molecular Biology,Volume 109 Lipase and Phospholipase Protocols.” (Mark Doolittle andKaren Reue, Eds.), Humana Press, pp. 1-17, 31-48, 1999]. Similarly, therelease of fluorogenic product(s) from substrate(s) such as, forexample, a1-trinitrophenyl-aminododecanoyl-2-pyrenedecanoyl-3-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycerol,or a radioactive product(s) from radiolabeled substrate(s) such as, forexample, a [³H]triolein; glycerol tri[9,10(n)-[³H]oleate;cholesterol-[1-¹⁴C]-oleate; a1(3)-mono-[³H]oleoyl-2-O-mono-oleyleglycerol (a.k.a. [³H]-MOME) and a1(3)-mono-oleoyl-2-O-mono-oleylglycerol (a.k.a. MOME); by lipolyticenzyme(s) that catalyze hydrolysis of a tri, a di, or amonoacylglycerol(s) and/or sterol ester(s) may be used to measure suchenzymes' activity [see for example, in “Methods and Molecular Biology,Volume 109 Lipase and Phospholipase Protocols.” (Mark Doolittle andKaren Reue, Eds.), Humana Press, pp. 18-30, 59-121, 1999]. Other assaysusing radiolabeled E. coli membranes to measure phospholipase activityin comparison to photometric and other assays has also been described[In “Esterases, Lipases, and Phospholipases from Structure to ClinicalSignificance.” (Mackness, M. I. and Clerc, M., Eds.), HAFTAD Engelska,pp 263-272, 1994]. Additional assays for the bioactivity of enzymes in amaterial formulation (e.g., a coating) are described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. Nos. 12/696,651, 12/474,921 and 12/882,563, eachspecifically incorporated herein by reference.

In some cases, these techniques may be modified by replacement abiomolecule composition prepared by different techniques with another(e.g., a purified enzyme replace with an immobilized enzyme) in thematerial formulation, and assaying the bioactivity of such a materialformulation. Such measurements of the enzymatic activity of compositionsmay be used to select a material formulation with the desired activityproperties of stability, activity, and such like, in differentenvironmental conditions (e.g., weathering, pressure, interfacialcharacteristics, the effects of an inhibitor, temperature, detergent,organic solvent, etc.) and/or after contact with different substrate(s)(e.g., contact with substrates mimicking vegetable oil properties vs.those for a sterol when assaying for a lipolytic enzyme) to assessproperties such as the antibiological activity, substrate preference,enantiomeric specificity, kinetic properties, etc. of a materialformulation.

It is contemplated that a coating comprising an antibiological agent maybe applied as a coating layer upon another coating, including clearcoatings and paints as described herein or as would be known in the artfor various applications. In some embodiments, particularly for acommonly used clear coating or paint, a thin layer for such a coatingcomprises about 5 μm to about 1500 μm thick (e.g., about 15 μm to about150 μm thick), though the coating comprising an antibiological agent mayalso be of this thickness in some embodiments. Further, the coatingcomprising an antibiological agent may comprise any component for acoating described herein or as would be known to one of ordinary skillin the art in light of the present disclosures. In an alternativeembodiment, a material formulation (e.g., a paint or clear coating) maybe prepared that lacks sufficient antibiological agent to produce adesired amount of antibiological agent propertiesr, but still possessesother properties suitable for use in other applications.

A clear-coating refers to a coating that is not opaque (e.g.,transparent, semi-transparent, translucent) and/or does not produce anopaque solid film after application and cure, but may coating may becolored or non-colored. Hiding power refers to the ability of a coatingand/or a film (e.g., an opaque coating or film) to prevent light frombeing reflected from a surface. Examples of a clear-coating include, alacquer, a varnish, a shellac, a stain, a water repellent coating, or acombination thereof. A paint refers to a “pigmented liquid, liquefiableor mastic composition designed for application to a substrate in a thinlayer which is converted to an opaque solid film after application usedfor protection, decoration or identification, or to serve somefunctional purpose such as the filling or concealing of surfaceirregularities, the modification of light and heat radiationcharacteristics, etc.” [“Paint and Coating Testing Manual, FourteenthEdition of the Gardner-Sward Handbook” (Koleske, J. V. Ed.), p. 696,1995]. It is contemplated that various formulations of paints known inthe art may be converted to suitable clear coating by removal ofcomponents, such as colorants, that produce hiding power, opacity, or acombination thereof. Standard techniques for determining the hidingpower of a coating and/or a film (e.g., paint, a powder coating) aredescribed, for example, in “ASTM Book of Standards, Volume 06.01,Paint—Tests for Chemical, Physical, and Optical Properties; Appearance,”E284-02b, D344-97, D2805-96a, D2745-00 and D6762-02a 2002; “ASTM Book ofStandards, Volume 06.02, Paint—Products and Applications; ProtectiveCoatings; Pipeline Coatings,” D5007-99, D5150-92 and D6441-99, 2002; and“Paint and Coating Testing Manual, Fourteenth Edition of theGardner-Sward Handbook” (Koleske, J. V. Ed.), pp. 481-506, 1995.

A coating generally comprises one or more component materials thatcontribute to the properties of the coating, the ability of a coating tobe applied to a surface, the ability of the coating to undergo filmformation, and/or the properties of the produced film. Examples of sucha coating component include a binder, a liquid component, a colorant, anadditive, or a combination thereof, and such materials are contemplatedfor used in a coating.

A binder (“polymer,” “resin,” “film former”) comprises a moleculecapable of film formation. Film formation refers to a physical and/or achemical change of a binder in a coating, wherein the change convertsthe coating into a film. Often, a binder converts into a film through apolymerization reaction, wherein a first binder molecule (e.g., amonomer) covalently bonds with at least a second binder molecule (e.g.,a monomer) to form a polymer. A thermoplastic binder and/or a coatingreversibly softens and/or liquefies when heated. Film formation for athermoplastic coating generally comprises a physical process, typicallythe loss of the volatile (e.g., liquid) component from a coating. Athermosetting binder undergoes film formation by a chemical process,typically the crosslinking of a binder into a network polymer. Examplesof a binder include an oil-based binder (e.g., an oil; an alkyd resinsuch as an oil length alkyd binder, a high solid alkyd, an uralkyd, awaterborne alkyd; an oleoresinous binder, a fatty acid epoxy ester,etc.), a polyester resin, a modified cellulose binder, a polyamidebinder, an amidoamine binder, an amino resin, an urethane binder (e.g.,a waterborne urethane, an urethane powder, etc.), a phenolic resin(e.g., a resole, a novolac, an epoxy resin, an ambient condition curingepoxy, a bake curing epoxy, an electrodeposition epoxy, a powder coatingepoxy, an cycloaliphatic epoxy, etc.), a polyhydroxyether binder, anacrylic resin (e.g., a thermoplastic acrylic resin, a waterbornethermoplastic acrylic, a thermosetting acrylic resin such as anacrylic-epoxy combination, an acrylic-amino combination, anacrylic-urethane combination, a waterborne thermosetting acrylic, etc.),a polyvinyl binder (e.g., a plastisol, an organosol, etc.), a rubberresin (e.g., chlorinated rubber resin, a synthetic rubber resin, etc.),a bituminous binder, a polysulfide binder, a silicone binder, or acombination thereof.

A liquid component comprises a chemical composition in a liquid state(e.g., a liquid state while comprised in a coating, a film, a materialformulation, etc.). A liquid component may be added to a coatingformulation, for example, to improve a rheological property for ease ofapplication, alter the period of time that thermoplastic film formationoccurs, alter an optical property (e.g., color, gloss, etc.) of a film,alter a physical property of a coating (e.g., reduce flammability)and/or a film (e.g., increase flexibility), participate in a chemicalreaction of a coating component (e.g., a water molecule hydrolyzing asilane molecule into a silanol molecule), dissolve and/or suspend acoating component (e.g., water dissolving a biomolecule composition intoa coating formulation), or a combination thereof. In general aspects,the liquid component comprises a solvent, a thinner, a diluent, aplasticizer, or a combination thereof. A solvent comprises a liquidcomponent used to dissolve one or more components of a material (e.g., acoating). A thinner comprises a liquid component used to reduce theviscosity of a coating, and may aid dissolving a coating component(e.g., act as a cosolvent) and/or increase miscibility of two or morecoating component. A diluent comprises a liquid component that does notdissolve a binder. In other aspects, the liquid component comprises aliquid organic compound, an inorganic compound, water, or a combinationthereof. Examples of a liquid organic compound includes a hydrocarbon(e.g., an aliphatic hydrocarbon, a cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon, aterpene, an aromatic hydrocarbon, etc.), an oxygenated compound (e.g.,an alcohol, a ketone, an ester, a glycol ether, a ketone, an ether,etc.), a chlorinated hydrocarbon, a nitrated hydrocarbon, amiscellaneous organic liquid component, a plasticizer, or a combinationthereof. In some embodiments, water may not be used to in a coatingformulation, such as wherein a particular biomolecule composition can bedissolved and/or suspended in a non-aqueous liquid component.

A colorant (“colorizing agent”) comprises a composition that confers anoptical property to a coating. Examples of an optical property,depending upon the application, include a reflection property, a lightabsorption property, a light scattering property, or a combinationthereof. A colorant that increases the reflection of light may increasegloss. A colorant that increased light scattering may increase theopacity and/or confer a color to a coating and/or a film. Lightscattering of a broad spectrum of wavelengths may confer a white colorto a coating and/or a film. Scattering of a certain wavelength mayconfer a color associated with the wavelength to a coating and/or afilm. Light absorption also affects opacity and/or color, such asbroad-spectrum light absorption conferring a black color to a coatingand/or a film. Absorbance of a certain wavelength may eliminate thecolor associated with the wavelength from the appearance of a coatingand/or a film. Examples of a colorant include a pigment, a dye, anextender, or a combination thereof. A colorant (e.g., a pigment, a dye)and procedures for determining the optical properties and physicalproperties (e.g., hiding power, transparency, light absorption, lightscattering, tinting strength, color, particle size, particle dispersion,pigment content, color matching) of a colorant, a coating component, acoating and/or a film are described in, for example, (in “IndustrialColor Testing, Fundamentals and Techniques, Second, Completely RevisedEdition,” 1995; “Colorants for Non-Textile Applications,” 2000; “ColourIndex International,” 3^(rd) Ed. Society of Dyers and ColouristsAmerican Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, 1971; and“Colour Index International,” 3^(rd) Ed. Pigment and Solvent Dyes,Society of Dyers and Colourists American Association of Textile Chemistsand Colorists, 1997). Pigments possess a variety of properties inaddition to color, with examples including a tinctorial property (i.e.,the ability to produce a color), an insolubility property (i.e., theability to remain a solid upon contact with a coating component such as,a liquid component), a corrosion resistance property (i.e., the abilityto reduce the damage of a chemical such as water that contacts a metal),a durability property, a heat resistance property, an opacity property,a transparency property, or a combination thereof. A camouflage pigmentrefers to a pigment typically selected to camouflage a surface (e.g., amilitary surface) from visual and, in specific facets, infrareddetection. A color property refers to the ability of a composition toconfer a visual color and/or metallic appearance, with examples of acolor property pigment includes a black pigment, a brown pigment, awhite pigment, a pearlescent pigment, a violet pigment, a blue pigment,a green pigment, a yellow pigment, an orange pigment, a red pigment, ametallic pigment, an extender pigment, or a combination thereof. A dyecomprises a composition that is soluble in the other component(s) of acoating, and further confers a color property to the coating. In someembodiments, a colorant may comprise a biomolecule composition (e.g., abio-based antibiological agent).

A coating additive comprises any material added to a coating to confer aproperty other than that described for a binder, a liquid component, acolorizing agent, or a combination thereof. Examples of a coatingadditive include a biomolecule composition (e.g., a bio-basedantibiological agent), an accelerator, an adhesion promoter, anantioxidant, an anti-skinning agent, an anti-floating agent, anantiflooding agent, an antifoaming agent, an anti-settling agent, ananti-skinning agent, an anti-insect additive, a buffer, a catalyst(e.g., a drier, an acid, a base, a urethane catalyst, etc.), acoalescing agent, a corrosion inhibitor, a defoamer, a dehydrator, adispersant, a drier, an electrical additive, an emulsifier, afilm-formation promoter, a fire retardant, a flow control agent, a glossaid, a leveling agent, a light stabilizer (e.g., a UV absorber, aradical scavenger, etc.), a marproofing agent, a matting agent, aneutralizing agent, an antibiological substance (e.g., a bio-basedantibiological agent, a chemical preservative, etc.), a rheologymodifier, a slip agent, a thickening agent, a wetting agent, a viscositycontrol agent, or a combination thereof. The content for an individualcoating additive in a coating may be about 0.000001% to about 20.0%.However, in many embodiments, the concentration of a single additive ina coating may comprise between 0.000001% and about 10.0%. In someembodiments, a polymeric material additive may be used in a coating.

A coating may be applied to a surface using any technique describedherein or as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In thecontext of a coating, “application,” “apply,” or “applying” refers tothe process of transferring of a coating to a surface to produce a layerof coating upon the surface. As known herein in the context of acoating, an “applicator” refers to a devise that may be used to applythe coating to a surface. Examples of an applicator include an machineor device, such as an coating machine (e.g., an optical coatingapplication machine), a brush, a roller, a pad, a rag, a sprayapplicator, etc. Examples of application techniques include dipping,pouring, siphoning, brushing, rolling (e.g., roll coating), padding,ragging, spraying (e.g., spraying by a robot), anodizing,electrodeposition, an electrostatic technique, electroplating, vaporcuring, and/or laminating of a film onto a surface, or a combinationthereof. In certain embodiments, the layer of coating undergoes filmformation (“curing,” “cure”), which refers to the physical and/orchemical change of a coating to a solid when in the form of a layer uponthe surface. In certain aspects, a coating may be prepared, appliedand/or cured at an ambient condition, a baking condition, or acombination thereof, within the ability of biomolecule composition(e.g., a bio-based antibiological agent) to retain bioactivity. Anambient condition comprises a temperature range between about −10° C. toabout 40° C., while a “baking condition” or “baking” comprisescontacting a material formulation with a temperature above about 40° C.and/or raising the temperature of a material formulation above about 40°C. (e.g., about 40° C. to about 300° C., about 40° C. to about 130° C.).

A coating may comprise a volatile coating component (e.g., a coalescingagent, a solvent such as water or a non-water solvent, a thinner, adiluent, etc.), a non-volatile coating component (i.e., a component thatremains upon a surface after cure such as a binder, a colorizing agent,a plasticizer, a coating additive, etc.), or a combination thereof. Acoating component may undergo a chemical change to form a film, such asbinder undergoes a crosslinking and/or a polymerization reaction (e.g.,an oxidative and/or free radical chemical reaction) to produce a film. Achemical film formation reaction may be promoted by irradiating thecoating (e.g., irradiating the coating to electromagnetic radiation suchas UV radiation, visible light, infrared radiation; particle radiationsuch as electron-beam radiation, etc.), heating the coating, or acombination thereof. In some alternate embodiments, a coating knownherein as a non-film forming coating undergoes a reduced amount of filmformation than such a solid film is not produced during the period oftime it may be used on a surface. In other alternative embodiments, acoating may undergo film formation, but produce a film whose propertiesmakes it more suited for a temporary use, and is known herein as atemporary film.

A plurality of coating layers (e.g., 1 to about 30 layers), known hereinas a “multicoat system” (“multicoating system”), may be applied upon asurface, and one or more of the coating layers may differ in compositionand/or properties, with examples of coating layers including a sealer, awater repellent, a primer, an undercoat, a topcoat, or a combinationthereof. A topcoat is the uppermost coating layer, regardless of whetherit is part of a multicoat system or a single coating layer upon asurface, and in many embodiments a topcoat comprising an antibiologicalagent.

A coating may be classified by its end use, including, for example, asan architectural coating, an industrial coating, a specificationcoating, or a combination thereof, and such coatings are described, forexample, in “Paint and Surface Coatings: Theory and Practice” 2^(nd)Edition, pp. 190-192, 1999; in “Paints, Coatings and Solvents” 2^(nd)Edition, pp. 330-410, 1998; in “Organic Coatings: Science andTechnology, Volume 1: Film Formation, Components, and Appearance” 2^(nd)Edition, by Zeno W. Wicks Jr., Frank N. Jones, S. Peter Pappas,Publisher: Wiley-Interscience (John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 605 Third Avenue,New York, N.Y.) pp. 138 and 317-318. An architectural coating refers to“an organic coating intended for on-site application to interior orexterior surfaces of residential, commercial, institutional, orindustrial buildings, in contrast to industrial coatings. They areprotective and decorative finishes applied at ambient conditions”[“Paint and Coating Testing Manual, Fourteenth Edition of theGardner-Sward Handbook” (Koleske, J. V. Ed.), p. 686, 1995)]. Examplesof an architectural coating includes a wood coating, a masonry coating,a artist's coating, a plastic coating, a metal coating, a glass coating,or a combination thereof. Artist coatings refer to a coating used byartists for a decorative purpose.

An industrial coating refers to a coating applied to a surface of amanufactured product in a factory setting, typically for a protectiveand/or aesthetic purpose. Examples of an industrial coating comprises anautomotive coating, a can coating, a sealant coating, or a combinationthereof. Can coatings refer to coatings used on a container (e.g., analuminum container, a steel container), such as for a food, a chemical,or a combination thereof. Sealant coatings refer to coatings used tofill a joint (e.g., a coating that bridges by contact a gap between twoor more surfaces) to reduce or prevent passage of a gas (e.g., air),water, a small material (e.g., dust), a temperature change, or acombination thereof. A marine coating comprises a coating used on asurface that contacts water and/or a surface that comprises part of astructure continually near water (e.g., a ship vehicle, a dock, adrilling platform for fossil fuels, etc).

A specification coating (“specification finish coating”) refers to acoating formulated to a “precise statement of a set of requirements tobe satisfied by a material, produce, system, or service that indicatesthe procedures for determining whether each of the requirements aresatisfied” with various sources for specification coating requirementsand procedures for determining the suitability of a coating (e.g., anaircraft coating) described in [“Paint and Coating Testing Manual,Fourteenth Edition of the Gardner-Sward Handbook” (Koleske, J. V. Ed.),pp. 683-695, 891-893, 1995]. Examples of a specification finish coatinginclude a military specified coating (e.g., a chemical agent resistantcoatings (“CARC”), a camouflage coating), a Federal agency (e.g.,Department of Transportation) specified coating, a state specifiedcoating, a pipeline coating, a traffic marker coating, an aircraftcoating, a nuclear power plant coating, or a combination thereof. Acamouflage coating comprises a coating that may be formulated with amaterial (e.g., a pigment) that reduces the differences in visible lightor non-visible light (e.g., infrared radiation) detection between acoated surface relative to the surrounding environment. A pipelinecoating is applied to pipes, such as ones used to convey a fossil fuel.A traffic marker coating comprises a coating (e.g., a paint) used tovisibly convey information on a surface usually subjected to weatheringand abrasion (e.g., a pavement). An aircraft coating protects and/ordecorates a surface of an aircraft vehicle. A nuclear power plant, whichgenerally possesses particular properties (e.g., gamma radiationresistance, chemical resistance, etc.).

An enzyme usually comprises a folded protein having binding site (e.g.,a crevice) that arises from this specific folding may form a catalyticsite for the enzyme, and may bind a substrate and/or a product (Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J. L., Stryer, L., Biochemistry 5^(th) Ed. FreemanCompany. New York 2001). An enzyme may be capable of catalyzing areaction in both directions (a “reversible reaction”), and the netdirection of such a reversible reaction generally depends on theconcentration of the substrate(s) and/or product(s) and the reactionenvironment (Dixon M. and Webb E. C., Enzymes, 2nd Ed. Academic PressInc. New York 1964). The kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactions arecommonly described by the Michealis-Menten model (Berg, J. M., Tymoczko,J. L., Stryer, L., Biochemistry 5^(th) Ed. Freeman Company. New York2001; Dixon M., Webb E. C., Enzymes, 2^(nd) Ed. Academic Press Inc. NewYork 1964).

Enzymes are identified by a numeric classification system such as theInternational Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (“IUBMB”)which identifies enzymes by the type of reaction catalyzed andenumerates a sub-class by a designated enzyme commission number (“EC”).Thus, an enzyme may comprise an oxidoreductase (EC 1), a transferase (EC2), a hydrolase (EC 3), a lyase (EC 4), an isomerase (EC 5), a ligase(EC 6), or a combination thereof. An enzyme may be able to catalyzemultiple reactions, and thus have activities of multiple ECclassifications.

An oxidoreductase catalyzes an oxido-reduction of a substrate, whereinthe substrate comprises either a hydrogen donor and/or an electrondonor. An oxidoreductase may be classified by the substrate moiety ofthe donor and/or the acceptor. Examples of an oxidoreductase include anoxidoreductase that acts on a donor CH—OH moiety, (EC 1.1); a donoraldehyde or a donor oxo moiety, (EC 1.2); a donor CH—CH moiety, (EC1.3); a donor CH—NH₂ moiety, (EC 1.4); a donor CH—NH moiety, (EC 1.5); adonor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (“NADH”) or a donor nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide phosphate (“NADPH”), (EC 1.6); a donor nitrogenouscompound, (EC 1.7); a donor sulfur moiety, (EC 1.8); a donor hememoiety, (EC 1.9); a donor diphenol and/or a related moiety as donor, (EC1.10); a peroxide as an acceptor, (EC 1.11); a donor hydrogen, (EC1.12); a single donor with incorporation of molecular oxygen(“oxygenase”), (EC 1.13); a paired donor, with incorporation orreduction of molecular oxygen, (EC 1.14); a superoxide radical as anacceptor, (EC 1.15); an oxidoreductase that oxidises a metal ion, (EC1.16); an oxidoreductase that acts on a donor CH₂ moiety, (EC 1.17); adonor iron-sulfur protein, (EC 1.18); a donor reduced flavodoxin, (EC1.19); a donor phosphorus or donor arsenic moiety, (EC 1.20); anoxidoreductase that acts on an X—H and an Y—H to form an X—Y bond, (EC1.21); as well as an other oxidoreductase, (EC 1.97); or a combinationthereof.

A transferase catalyzes the transfer of a moiety from a donor compoundto an acceptor compound. A transferase may be classified based on thechemical moiety transferred. Examples of a transferase include atransferase that catalyzes the transfer of an one-carbon moiety, (EC2.1); an aldehyde and/or a ketonic moiety, (EC 2.2); an acyl moiety, (EC2.3); a glycosyl moiety, (EC 2.4); an alkyl and/or an aryl moiety otherthan a methyl moiety, (EC 2.5); a nitrogenous moiety, (EC 2.6); aphosphorus-containing moiety, (EC 2.7); a sulfur-containing moiety, (EC2.8); a selenium-containing moiety, (EC 2.9); or a combination thereof.

A hydrolase catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond. A hydrolase maybe classified based on the chemical bond cleaved or the moiety releasedor transferred by the hydrolysis reaction. Examples of a hydrolaseinclude a hydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of an ester bond, (EC3.1); a glycosyl released/transferred moiety, (EC 3.2); an ether bond,(EC 3.3); a peptide bond, (EC 3.4); a carbon-nitrogen bond, other than apeptide bond, (EC 3.5); an acid anhydride, (EC 3.6); a carbon-carbonbond, (EC 3.7); a halide bond, (EC 3.8); a phosphorus-nitrogen bond, (EC3.9); a sulfur-nitrogen bond, (EC 3.10); a carbon-phosphorus bond, (EC3.11); a sulfur-sulfur bond, (EC 3.12); a carbon-sulfur bond, (EC 3.13);or a combination thereof.

Examples of an esterase (EC 3.1) include a carboxylic ester hydrolase(EC 3.1.1); a thioester hydrolase (EC 3.1.2); a phosphoric monoesterhydrolase (EC 3.1.3); a phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4); atriphosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.5); a sulfuric ester hydrolase(EC 3.1.6); a diphosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.7); a phosphorictriester hydrolase (EC 3.1.8); an exodeoxyribonuclease producing a5′-phosphomonoester (EC 3.1.11); an exoribonuclease producing a5′-phosphomonoester (EC 3.1.13); an exoribonuclease producing a3′-phosphomonoester (EC 3.1.14); an exonuclease active with aribonucleic acid and/or a deoxyribonucleic acid and producing a5′-phosphomonoester (EC 3.1.15); an exonuclease active with aribonucleic acid and/or a deoxyribonucleic acid and producing a3′-phosphomonoester (EC 3.1.16); an endodeoxyribonuclease producing a5′-phosphomonoester (EC 3.1.21); an endodeoxyribonuclease producing a3′-phosphomonoester (EC 3.1.22); a site-specific endodeoxyribonucleasespecific for an altered base (EC 3.1.25); an endoribonuclease producinga 5′-phosphomonoester (EC 3.1.26); an endoribonuclease producing a3′-phosphomonoester (EC 3.1.27); an endoribonuclease active with aribonucleic acid and/or a deoxyribonucleic acid and producing a5′-phosphomonoester (EC 3.1.30); an endoribonuclease active with aribonucleic acid and/or a deoxyribonucleic acid and producing a3′-phosphomonoester (EC 3.1.31); or a combination thereof.

Examples of a carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1) include acarboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.1); an arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2); atriacylglycerol ipase (EC 3.1.1.3); a phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4); alysophospholipase (EC 3.1.1.5); an acetylesterase (EC 3.1.1.6); anacetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7); a cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8); atropinesterase (EC 3.1.1.10); a pectinesterase (EC 3.1.1.11); a sterolesterase (EC 3.1.1.13); a chlorophyllase (EC 3.1.1.14); aL-arabinonolactonase (EC 3.1.1.15); a gluconolactonase (EC 3.1.1.17); anuronolactonase (EC 3.1.1.19); a tannase (EC 3.1.1.20); aretinyl-palmitate esterase (EC 3.1.1.21); a hydroxybutyrate-dimerhydrolase (EC 3.1.1.22); an acylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.23); a3-oxoadipate enol-lactonase (EC 3.1.1.24); a 1,4-lactonase (EC3.1.1.25); a galactolipase (EC 3.1.1.26); a 4-pyridoxolactonase (EC3.1.1.27); an acylcarnitine hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.28); an aminoacyl-tRNAhydrolase (EC 3.1.1.29); a D-arabinonolactonase (EC 3.1.1.30); a6-phosphogluconolactonase (EC 3.1.1.31); a phospholipase A1 (EC3.1.1.32); a 6-acetylglucose deacetylase (EC 3.1.1.33); a lipoproteinlipase (EC 3.1.1.34); a dihydrocoumarin hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.35); alimonin-D-ring-lactonase (EC 3.1.1.36); a steroid-lactonase (EC3.1.1.37); a triacetate-lactonase (EC 3.1.1.38); an actinomycinlactonase (EC 3.1.1.39); an orsellinate-depside hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.40);a cephalosporin-C deacetylase (EC 3.1.1.41); a chlorogenate hydrolase(EC 3.1.1.42); a α-amino-acid esterase (EC 3.1.1.43); a4-methyloxaloacetate esterase (EC 3.1.1.44); acarboxymethylenebutenolidase (EC 3.1.1.45); a deoxylimonateA-ring-lactonase (EC 3.1.1.46); a 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholineesterase (EC 3.1.1.47); a fusarinine-C ornithinesterase (EC 3.1.1.48); asinapine esterase (EC 3.1.1.49); a wax-ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.50); aphorbol-diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.51); a phosphatidylinositoldeacylase (EC 3.1.1.52); a sialate O-acetylesterase (EC 3.1.1.53); anacetoxybutynylbithiophene deacetylase (EC 3.1.1.54); an acetylsalicylatedeacetylase (EC 3.1.1.55); a methylumbelliferyl-acetate deacetylase (EC3.1.1.56); a 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate lactonase (EC 3.1.1.57); aN-acetylgalactosaminoglycan deacetylase (EC 3.1.1.58); ajuvenile-hormone esterase (EC 3.1.1.59); a bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalateesterase (EC 3.1.1.60); a protein-glutamate methylesterase (EC3.1.1.61); a 11-cis-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.63); anall-trans-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.64); aL-rhamnono-1,4-lactonase (EC 3.1.1.65); a5-(3,4-diacetoxybut-1-ynyl)-2,2′-bithiophene deacetylase (EC 3.1.1.66);a fatty-acyl-ethyl-ester synthase (EC 3.1.1.67); a xylono-1,4-lactonase(EC 3.1.1.68); a cetraxate benzylesterase (EC 3.1.1.70); anacetylalkylglycerol acetylhydrolase (EC 3.1.1.71); an acetylxylanesterase (EC 3.1.1.72); a feruloyl esterase (EC 3.1.1.73); a cutinase(EC 3.1.1.74); a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase (EC 3.1.1.75); apoly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) depolymerase (EC 3.1.1.76); an acyloxyacylhydrolase (EC 3.1.1.77); a polyneuridine-aldehyde esterase (EC3.1.1.78); a hormone-sensitive lipase (EC 3.1.1.79); an acetylajmalineesterase (EC 3.1.1.80); a quorum-quenching N-acyl-homoserine lactonase(EC 3.1.1.81); a pheophorbidase (EC 3.1.1.82); a monoterpene F-lactonehydrolase (EC 3.1.1.83); or a combination thereof.

Examples of an enzyme that acts on a carbon-nitrogen bond, other than apeptide bond (EC 3.5) include an enzyme acting on a linear amide (EC3.5.1); a cyclic amide (EC 3.5.2); a linear amidine (EC 3.5.3); a cyclicamidine (EC 3.5.4); a nitrile (EC 3.5.5); an other compound (EC 3.5.99);or a combination thereof. Examples of an enzyme that catalyzes areaction on a carbon-nitrogen bond of a non-peptide linear amide (EC3.5.1) include an asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1); a glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2);a co-amidase (EC 3.5.1.3); an amidase (EC 3.5.1.4); a urease (EC3.5.1.5); a β-ureidopropionase (EC 3.5.1.6); a ureidosuccinase (EC3.5.1.7); a formylaspartate deformylase (EC 3.5.1.8); an arylformamidase(EC 3.5.1.9); a formyltetrahydrofolate deformylase (EC 3.5.1.10); apenicillin amidase (EC 3.5.1.11); a biotinidase (EC 3.5.1.12); anaryl-acylamidase (EC 3.5.1.13); an aminoacylase (EC 3.5.1.14); anaspartoacylase (EC 3.5.1.15); an acetylornithine deacetylase (EC3.5.1.16); an acyl-lysine deacylase (EC 3.5.1.17); asuccinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase (EC 3.5.1.18); a nicotinamidase(EC 3.5.1.19); a citrullinase (EC 3.5.1.20); a N-acetyl-o-alaninedeacetylase (EC 3.5.1.21); a pantothenase (EC 3.5.1.22); a ceramidase(EC 3.5.1.23); a choloylglycine hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.24); aN-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.25); aN4-(β-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.26); aN-formylmethionylaminoacyl-tRNA deformylase (EC 3.5.1.27); aN-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase (EC 3.5.1.28); a2-(acetamidomethylene)succinate hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.29); a5-aminopentanamidase (EC 3.5.1.30); a formylmethionine deformylase (EC3.5.1.31); a hippurate hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.32); a N-acetylglucosaminedeacetylase (EC 3.5.1.33); a D-glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.35); aN-methyl-2-oxoglutaramate hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.36); aglutamin-(asparagin-)ase (EC 3.5.1.38); an alkylamidase (EC 3.5.1.39);an acylagmatine amidase (EC 3.5.1.40); a chitin deacetylase (EC3.5.1.41); a nicotinamide-nucleotide amidase (EC 3.5.1.42); apeptidyl-glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.43); a protein-glutamine glutaminase (EC3.5.1.44); a 6-aminohexanoate-dimer hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.46); aN-acetyldiaminopimelate deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.47); an acetylspermidinedeacetylase (EC 3.5.1.48); a formamidase (EC 3.5.1.49); a pentanamidase(EC 3.5.1.50); a 4-acetamidobutyryl-CoA deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.51); apeptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl)asparagines amidase (EC 3.5.1.52); aN-carbamoylputrescine amidase (EC 3.5.1.53); an allophanate hydrolase(EC 3.5.1.54); a long-chain-fatty-acyl-glutamate deacylase (EC3.5.1.55); a N,N-dimethylformamidase (EC 3.5.1.56); a tryptophanamidase(EC 3.5.1.57); a N-benzyloxycarbonylglycine hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.58); aN-carbamoylsarcosine amidase (EC 3.5.1.59); aN-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine deacylase (EC 3.5.1.60); a mimosinase(EC 3.5.1.61); an acetylputrescine deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.62); a4-acetamidobutyrate deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.63); aNα-benzyloxycarbonylleucine hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.64); a theaninehydrolase (EC 3.5.1.65); a2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(acetamidomethylene)succinate hydrolase (EC3.5.1.66); a 4-methyleneglutaminase (EC 3.5.1.67); a N-formylglutamatedeformylase (EC 3.5.1.68); a glycosphingolipid deacylase (EC 3.5.1.69);an aculeacin-A deacylase (EC 3.5.1.70); a N-feruloylglycine deacylase(EC 3.5.1.71); a D-benzoylarginine-4-nitroanilide amidase (EC 3.5.1.72);a carnitinamidase (EC 3.5.1.73); a chenodeoxycholoyltaurine hydrolase(EC 3.5.1.74); a urethanase (EC 3.5.1.75); an arylalkyl acylamidase (EC3.5.1.76); a N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.77); aglutathionylspermidine amidase (EC 3.5.1.78); a phthalyl amidase (EC3.5.1.79); a N-acetylgalactosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase (EC3.5.1.80); a N-acyl-D-amino-acid deacylase (EC 3.5.1.81); aN-acyl-D-glutamate deacylase (EC 3.5.1.82); a N-acyl-D-aspartatedeacylase (EC 3.5.1.83); a biuret amidohydrolase (EC 3.5.1.84); a(S)—N-acetyl-1-phenylethylamine hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.85); a mandelamideamidase (EC 3.5.1.86); a N-carbamoyl-L-amino-acid hydrolase (EC3.5.1.87); a peptide deformylase (EC 3.5.1.88); aN-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.89); anadenosylcobinamide hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.90); a N-substituted formamidedeformylase (EC 3.5.1.91); a pantetheine hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.92); aglutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic-acid acylase (EC 3.5.1.93); aγ-glutamyl-γ-aminobutyrate hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.94); a N-malonylureahydrolase (EC 3.5.1.95); a succinylglutamate desuccinylase (EC3.5.1.96); an acyl-homoserine-lactone acylase (EC 3.5.1.97); a histonedeacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98); or a combination thereof. Examples of anenzyme that catalyzes a reaction on a carbon-nitrogen bond of anon-peptide cyclic amide (EC 3.5.2) include a barbiturase (EC 3.5.2.1);a dihydropyrimidinase (EC 3.5.2.2); a dihydroorotase (EC 3.5.2.3); acarboxymethylhydantoinase (EC 3.5.2.4); an allantoinase (EC 3.5.2.5); aβ-lactamase (EC 3.5.2.6); an imidazolonepropionase (EC 3.5.2.7); a5-oxoprolinase (ATP-hydrolysing) (EC 3.5.2.9); a creatininase (EC3.5.2.10); a L-lysine-lactamase (EC 3.5.2.11); a6-aminohexanoate-cyclic-dimer hydrolase (EC 3.5.2.12); a2,5-dioxopiperazine hydrolase (EC 3.5.2.13); a N-methylhydantoinase(ATP-hydrolysing) (EC 3.5.2.14); a cyanuric acid amidohydrolase (EC3.5.2.15); a maleimide hydrolase (EC 3.5.2.16); a hydroxyisouratehydrolase (EC 3.5.2.17); an enamidase (EC 3.5.2.18); or a combinationthereof.

Examples of an enzyme that acts on an acid anhydride (EC 3.6) include anenzyme acting on: a phosphorus-containing anhydride (EC 3.6.1); asulfonyl-containing anhydride (EC 3.6.2); an acid anhydride catalyzingtransmembrane movement of a substance (EC 3.6.3); an acid anhydrideinvolved in cellular and/or subcellular movement (EC 3.6.4); a GTPinvolved in cellular and/or subcellular movement (EC 3.6.5); or acombination thereof.

A lyase catalyzes the cleavage of a chemical bond by reactions otherthan hydrolysis and/or oxidation. A lyase may be classified based on thechemical bond cleaved. Examples of a lyase include a lyase thatcatalyzes the cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond, (EC 4.1); acarbon-oxygen bond, (EC 4.2); a carbon-nitrogen bond, (EC 4.3); acarbon-sulfur bond, (EC 4.4); a carbon-halide bond, (EC 4.5); aphosphorus-oxygen bond, (EC 4.6); an other lyase, (EC 4.99); or acombination thereof.

An isomerase catalyzes a change within one molecule. Examples of anisomerase include a racemase and/or an epimerase, (EC 5.1); acis-trans-isomerase, (EC 5.2); an intramolecular isomerase, (EC 5.3); anintramolecular transferase, (EC 5.4); an intramolecular lyase, (EC 5.5);an other isomerases, (EC 5.99); or a combination thereof.

A ligase catalyzes the formation of a chemical bond between twosubstrates with the hydrolysis of a diphosphate bond of a triphosphatesuch as ATP. A ligase may be classified based on the chemical bondcreated. Examples of a lyase include a ligase that form a carbon-oxygenbond, (EC 6.1); a carbon-sulfur bond, (EC 6.2); a carbon-nitrogen bond,(EC 6.3); a carbon carbon bond, (EC 6.4); a phosphoric ester bond, (EC6.5); or a combination thereof.

A lipolytic enzyme comprises an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction orseries of reactions on a lipid substrate. In many embodiments, alipolytic enzyme produces one or more products that are more soluble ina polar liquid component (e.g., an aqueous media, water, a watercomprising detergent) than the substrate, which may promote ease ofremoval such as from a surface of a material formulation (e.g., a coatedsurface, a polymeric material incorporating an enzyme). Examples of alipid include a triglyceride; a diglyceride; a monoglyceride; aphospholipid; a glycolipid (e.g., galactolipid); a steroid (e.g.,cholesterol); a wax; a fat-soluble vitamin (e.g., vitamin A, D, E, K,etc.); a petroleum based material, such as, for example, a hydrocarboncomposition such as gasoline, a crude petroleum oil, a petroleum grease,etc.; or a combination thereof. Lipolytic enzymes have been identifiedin cells across the phylogenetic categories, and purified for analysisand/or use in commercial applications (Brockerhoff, Hans and Jensen,Robert G. “Lipolytic Enzymes,” 1974). Further, numerous nucleotidesequences for lipolytic enzymes have been isolated, the encoded proteinsequence determined, and in many cases the nucleotide sequencesrecombinantly expressed for high level production of a lipolytic enzyme(e.g., a lipase), particularly for isolation, purification andsubsequent use in an industrial/commercial application such as laundrydetergents [“Lipases their Structure, Biochemistry and Application”(Paul Woolley and Steffen B. Peterson, Eds.) 1994].

Examples of a lipolytic esterase and a ceramidase include acarboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.1), a lipase (EC 3.1.1.3), a lipoproteinlipase (EC 3.1.1.34), an acylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.23), ahormone-sensitive lipase (EC 3.1.1.79), a phospholipase A₁ (EC3.1.1.32), a phospholipase A₂ (EC 3.1.1.4), a phosphatidylinositoldeacylase (EC 3.1.1.52), a phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.3), a phospholipaseD (EC 3.1.4.4), a phosphoinositide phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.11), aphosphatidate phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.4), a lysophospholipase (EC3.1.1.5), a sterol esterase (EC 3.1.1.13), a galactolipase (EC3.1.1.26), a sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.12), asphingomyelin phosphodiesterase D (EC 3.1.4.41), a ceramidase (EC3.5.1.23), a wax-ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.50), a fatty-acyl-ethyl-estersynthase (EC 3.1.1.67), a retinyl-palmitate esterase (EC 3.1.1.21), a11-cis-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.63), anall-trans-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.64), a cutinase (EC3.1.1.74), an acyloxyacyl hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.77), a petroleum lipolyticenzyme, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, a series of enzymereactions releases a fatty acid and/or degrades a lipid, such as in thecase of a combination of a sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase that producesa N-acylsphingosine from a sphingomyelin phospholipid, followed by aceramidase hydrolyzing an amide bond in a N-acylsphingosine to produce afree fatty acid and a sphingosine.

Carboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.1) catalyzes the reaction: carboxylicester+H₂O=an alcohol+a carboxylate (e.g., a fatty acid of about 10 orless carbons, to differentiate its preferred substrate andclassification from a lipase), with structural and sequence informationknown in the art (e.g., Protein database bank entries 1AUO, 1AUR, 1C18,1C19, 1EVQ, 1JJI, 1K4Y, 1L7Q, 1L7R, 1MX1, 1MX5, 1MX9, 1QZ3, 1R1D, 1TQH,1U4N, 1YA4, 1YA8, 1YAH, 1YAJ, 2C7B, 2DQY, 2DQZ, 2DRO, 2FJO, 2H1I, 2H7C,2HM7, 2HRQ, 2HRR, 2JEY, 2JEZ, 2JFO, 207R, 207V, 2OGS, 2OGT, 2R11, etc.).

Lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) catalyzes the reaction:triacylglycerol+H₂O=diacylglycerol+a carboxylate (e.g., a fatty acidabout 12C or greater), with structural and sequence information known inthe art (e.g., Protein database bank entries 1AKN, 1BU8, 1CRL, 1CUA,1CUB, 1CUC, 1CUD, iCUE, 1CUF, 1CUG, 1CUH, 1CUI, 1CUJ, 1CUU, 1CUV, 1CUW,1CUX, 1CUY, 1CUZ, 1CVL, 1DT3, 1DT5, 1DTE, 1DU4, lEIN, lETH, 1EX9, 1F6W,1FFA, 1FFB, 1FFC, 1FFD, 1FFE, 1GPL, 1GT6, 1GZ7, 1HLG, 1HPL, 1HQD, 116W,lISP, 1JI3, 1JMY, 1K8Q, 1KUO, 1LBS, 1LBT, 1LGY, 1LLF, 1LPA, 1LPB, 1LPM,1LPN, 1LPO, 1LPP, 1LPS, 1N8S, 1IOL, 1QGE, 1R4Z, 1R50, 1RP1, 1T2N, 1T4M,1TAH, 1TCA, 1TCB, 1TCC, 1TGL, 1THG, 1TIA, 1TIB, 1TIC, 1TRH, 1YS1, 1YS2,2DSN, 2ES4, 2FX5, 2HIH, 2LIP, 2NW6, 2ORY, 2OXE, 2PPL, 2PVS, 2QUA, 2QUB,2QXT, 2QXU, 2VEO, 2Z5G, 2Z8X, 2Z8Z, 3D2A, 3D2B, 3D2C, 3LIP, 3TGL, 4LIP,4TGL, 5LIP, 5TGL, etc.).

Phospholipase A₁ (EC 3.1.1.32) catalyzes the reaction:phosphatidylcholine+H₂O=2-acylglycerophosphocholine+a carboxylate, withstructural and sequence information known in the art (e.g., Proteindatabase bank entries 1FW2, 1FW3, 1ILD, 1ILZ, 1IMO, 1QD5, 1QD6, etc.).

Phospholipase A₂ (EC 3.1.1.4) catalyzes the reaction:phosphatidylcholine+H₂O=1-acylglycerophosphocholine+a carboxylate, withstructural and sequence information known in the art (e.g., Proteindatabase bank entries 1A2A, 1A3F, 1AOK, 1AYP, 1BBC,1BJJ, 1BK9,1BPQ,1BVM, 1C74, 1CJY, 1CLP, 1DB5, 1DPY, 1FDK, 1FX9, 1GOZ, 1G41, 1GMZ,1GP7, 1IJL, 1IT4, 1J1A, 1JLT, 1JQ9, KPM, 1KVO, 1KVX, 1L8S, 1LE7, 1LWB,1M8S, 1MF4, 1MH2, 1MH8, 1MKT, 1MKV, 1N29, 1O3W, 1OWS, 1OXR, 1OZ6, 1P2P,1PA0, 1PIR, 1PO8, 1POB, 1POD, 1PP2, 1PSH,1PWO, 1Q7A, 1RGB, 1S6B, 1S8H,1SFV, 1SKG, 1SV3, 1SXK, 1T37, 1TD7, 1TG1, 1TGM, 1TJ9, 1TJQ, 1TP2, 1U73,1VAP, 1VKQ, 1XXS, 1Y38, 1Y60, 1Y75, 1YXL, 1ZL7, 1ZM6, 1ZWP, 2ARM, 2AZZ,2B01, 2B04, 2B96, 2BCH, 2DO2, 2DV8, 2G58, 2H4C,2NOT, 20LI, 2OSH, 2OTF,2OUB, 2OYF, 2PHI, 2PVT, 2PYC, 2QHD, 2QHW, 2QU 2QVD, 2ZBH, 3BP2, 3P2P,4P2P, 5P2P, etc.).

Phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.3) catalyzes the reaction:phosphatidylcholine+H₂O=1,2-diacylglycerol+choline phosphate, withstructural and sequence information known in the art (e.g., Proteindatabase bank entries 1AH7, 1CA1, 1GYG, 1IHJ, 1OLP, 1P5X, 1P6D, 1P6E,1QM6, 1QMD, 2FFZ, 2FGN, 2HIUC, etc.).

Phospholipase D (EC 3.1.4.4) catalyzes the reaction:phosphatidylcholine+H₂O=choline+a phosphatidate, with structural andsequence information known in the art (e.g., Protein database bankentries: 1F0I, 1V0R, 1V0S, 1V0T, 1V0U, 1V0V, 1V0W, 1V0Y, 2ZE4, 2ZE9,etc.).

Phosphoinositide phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.11) catalyzes the reaction:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate+H₂O=1D-myo-inositol1,4,5-trisphosphate+diacylglycerol, with structural and sequenceinformation known in the art (e.g., Protein database bank entries 1DJG,1DJH, 1DJI, 1DJW, 1DJX, 1DJY, 1DJZ, 1HSQ, 1JAD, 1MAI, 1QAS, 1QAT, 1Y0M,1YWO, 1YWP, 2C5L, 2EOB, 2FCI, 2FJL, 2FJU, 2HSP, 2ISD, 2K2J, 2PLD, 2PLE,2ZKM, etc.).

Lysophospholipase (EC 3.1.1.5) catalyzes the reaction:2-lysophosphatidylcholine+H₂O=glycerophosphocholine+a carboxylate, withstructural and sequence information known in the art (e.g., Proteindatabase bank entries 1G86, 1HDK, 1IVN, 1J00, 1JRL, 1LCL, 1QKQ, 1U8U,1V2G, 2G07, 2G08, 2G09, 2GOA, etc.).

Sterol esterase (EC 3.1.1.13) catalyzes the reaction: steryl ester+H₂O=asterol+a fatty acid, with structural and sequence information known inthe art (e.g., Protein database bank entries 1AQL, 2BCE, etc.).

Such an enzyme and/or a series of enzyme(s) and/or protein(s) thatimproves a petroleum hydrocarbon's solubility may be known herein as a“petroleum lipolytic enzyme” to differentiate it from a lipolytic enzymethat acts on a non-petroleum substrate described herein. For example,Pseudomonas putida alkane degradation pathway encoded by an alkBFGHIJKLoperon, a petroleum alkane substrate undergoes catalysis by a pluralityof enzymes and/or proteins (e.g., an alkane hydroxylase, a rubredoxins,an aldehyde dehydrogenase, an alcohol dehydrogenase, an acyl-CoAsynthetase) and proteins (e.g., an outer membrane protein, amethyl-accepting transducer protein), that convert the alkane into analdehyde and an acid with the participation of additional enzymes andproteins not encoded by the operon. A membrane bound monooxygenase, arubredioxin, and a soluble rubredioxin add an alcohol moiety to thepetroleum alkane by shunting electrons through a NADH compound to ahydroxylase. These enzymatic activities that result in improvement ofsolubility by addition of an alcohol may be used to select an enzyme.The alcohol may be further catalyzed into an aldehyde, then an acid,before entering regular cellular metabolic pathways (e.g., energyproduction). Other pathways are thought to use a dioxygenase toinitially produce a n-alkyl hydroperoxide that may be converted into analdehyde, using a flavin adenine dinucleotide, but not a NADPH or arubredoxin (Van Hamme, J. D. Microbiology and molecular biology reviews,67(4):503-549, 2003).

Another example of petroleum degradation comprises a polycyclic aromatichydrocarbon having oxygenated moiety(s) added by the enzymes andproteins expressed from the nahAaAbAcAdBFCED operon for naphthalenedegradation. These enzymes and proteins include: a reductase (nahAa), aferredoxin (nahAb), an iron sulfur protein large subunit (nahAc), aniron sulfur protein small subunit (nahAd), a cis-naphthalene dihydrodioldehydrogenase (nahB), a salicyaldehyde dehydrogenase (nahF), a1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene oxygenase (nahC), a 2-hydroxybenzalpyruvatealdolase (nahE), a 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylate isomerase (nahD). ThenahAa to nahAd genes encode a naphthalene dioxygenase. Pseudomonasputida strains may also have the salicylate degradation pathway, whichincludes the following enzymes: a salicylate hydroxylase (nahG), achloroplast-type ferredoxin (nahT), a catechol oxygenase (nahH), a2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (nahl), a 2-hydroxymuconicsemialdehyde dehydrogenase (nahN), a 2-oxo-4-pentenoate hydratase(nahL), a 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase (nahO), an acetaldehydedehydrogenase (nahM), a 4-oxalocrotonate decarboxylase (nahK), and/or a2-hydroxymuconate tautomerase (nahJ). Both operons are regulated bysalicylate induction of the nahR gene from another operon (Van Hamme, J.D. Microbiology and molecular biology reviews, 67(4):503-549, 2003).

A peptidase catalyzes a reaction on a peptide bond (e.g., aproteinaceous molecule's peptide bond to degrade the proteinaceousmolecule for antibiological activity and/or ease of removal from asurface, though other secondary reactions (e.g., an esterase activity)may also be catalyzed in some cases. A peptidase generally may becategorized as either an exopeptidase (EC 3.4.11-19) or an endopeptidase(EC 3.4.21-24 and EC 3.4.99). Examples of a peptidase include analpha-amino-acyl-peptide hydrolase (EC 3.4.11), a peptidyl-amino-acidhydrolase (EC 3.4.17), a dipeptide hydrolase (EC 3.4.13), a peptidylpeptide hydrolase (EC 3.4), a peptidylamino-acid hydrolase (EC 3.4), anacylamino-acid hydrolase (EC 3.4), an aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11), adipeptidase (EC 3.4.13), a dipeptidyl-peptidase (EC 3.4.14), atripeptidyl-peptidase (EC 3.4.14), a peptidyl-dipeptidase (EC 3.4.15), aserine-type carboxypeptidase (EC 3.4.16), a metallocarboxypeptidase (EC3.4.17), a cysteine-type carboxypeptidase (EC 3.4.18), an omegapeptidase (EC 3.4.19), a serine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21), a cysteineendopeptidase (EC 3.4.22), an aspartic endopeptidase (EC 3.4.23), ametalloendopeptidase (EC 3.4.24), a threonine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.25),an endopeptidase of unknown catalytic mechanism (EC 3.4.99), or acombination thereof. Examples of a serine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21)includes a chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1); a chymotrypsin C (EC 3.4.21.2); ametridin (EC 3.4.21.3); a trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4); a thrombin (EC3.4.21.5); a coagulation factor Xa (EC 3.4.21.6); a plasmin (EC3.4.21.7); an enteropeptidase (EC 3.4.21.9); an acrosin (EC 3.4.21.10);an α-Lytic endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.12); a glutamyl endopeptidase (EC3.4.21.19); a cathepsin G (EC 3.4.21.20); a coagulation factor VIIa (EC3.4.21.21); a coagulation factor IXa (EC 3.4.21.22); a cucumisin (EC3.4.21.25); a prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26); a coagulation factorXIa (EC 3.4.21.27); a brachyurin (EC 3.4.21.32); a plasma kallikrein (EC3.4.21.34); a tissue kallikrein (EC 3.4.21.35); a pancreatic elastase(EC 3.4.21.36); a leukocyte elastase (EC 3.4.21.37); a coagulationfactor XIIa (EC 3.4.21.38); a chymase (EC 3.4.21.39); a complementsubcomponent C (EC 3.4.21.41); a complement subcomponent C (EC3.4.21.42); a classical-complement-pathway C3/C5 convertase (EC3.4.21.43); a complement factor I (EC 3.4.21.45); a complement factor D(EC 3.4.21.46); an alternative-complement-pathway C3/C5 convertase (EC3.4.21.47); a cerevisin (EC 3.4.21.48); a hypodermin C (EC 3.4.21.49); alysyl endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.50); an endopeptidase La (EC 3.4.21.53);a 7-renin (EC 3.4.21.54); a venombin AB (EC 3.4.21.55); a leucylendopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.57); a tryptase (EC 3.4.21.59); a scutelarin(EC 3.4.21.60); a kexin (EC 3.4.21.61); a subtilisin (EC 3.4.21.62); anoryzin (EC 3.4.21.63); a peptidase K (EC 3.4.21.64); a thermomycolin (EC3.4.21.65); a thermitase (EC 3.4.21.66); an endopeptidase So (EC3.4.21.67); a t-plasminogen activator (EC 3.4.21.68); a protein C(activated) (EC 3.4.21.69); a pancreatic endopeptidase E (EC 3.4.21.70);a pancreatic elastase II (EC 3.4.21.71); an IgA-specific serineendopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.72); a u-plasminogen activator (EC 3.4.21.73);a venombin A (EC 3.4.21.74); a furin (EC 3.4.21.75); a myeloblastin (EC3.4.21.76); a semenogelase (EC 3.4.21.77); a granzyme A (EC 3.4.21.78);a granzyme B (EC 3.4.21.79); a streptogrisin A (EC 3.4.21.80); astreptogrisin B (EC 3.4.21.81); a glutamyl endopeptidase II (EC3.4.21.82); an oligopeptidase B (EC 3.4.21.83); a limulus clottingfactor (EC 3.4.21.84); a limulus clotting factor (EC 3.4.21.85); alimulus clotting enzyme (EC 3.4.21.86); a repressor LexA (EC 3.4.21.88);a signal peptidase I (EC 3.4.21.89); a togavirin (EC 3.4.21.90); aflavivirin (EC 3.4.21.91); an endopeptidase Clp (EC 3.4.21.92); aproprotein convertase 1 (EC 3.4.21.93); a proprotein convertase 2 (EC3.4.21.94); a snake venom factor V activator (EC 3.4.21.95); alactocepin (EC 3.4.21.96); an assemblin (EC 3.4.21.97); a hepacivirin(EC 3.4.21.98); a spermosin (EC 3.4.21.99); a sedolisin (EC 3.4.21.100);a xanthomonalisin (EC 3.4.21.101); a C-terminal processing peptidase (EC3.4.21.102); a physarolisin (EC 3.4.21.103); a mannan-bindinglectin-associated serine protease-2 (EC 3.4.21.104); a rhomboid protease(EC 3.4.21.105); a hepsin (EC 3.4.21.106); a peptidase Do (EC3.4.21.107); a HtrA2 peptidase (EC 3.4.21.108); a matriptase (EC3.4.21.109); a C5a peptidase (EC 3.4.21.110); an aqualysin 1 (EC3.4.21.111); a site-1 protease (EC 3.4.21.112); a pestivirus NS3polyprotein peptidase (EC 3.4.21.113); an equine arterivirus serinepeptidase (EC 3.4.21.114); an infectious pancreatic necrosis birnavirusVp4 peptidase (EC 3.4.21.115); a SpoIVB peptidase (EC 3.4.21.116); astratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme (EC 3.4.21.117); a kallikrein 8 (EC3.4.21.118); a kallikrein 13 (EC 3.4.21.119); an oviductin (EC3.4.21.120); or a combination thereof.

Trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) catalyzes the reaction: a preferential cleavage atan Arg and/or a Lys residue, with structural and sequence informationknown in the art [e.g., KEGG sequences HSA—5644(PRSS1); 5645(PRSS2);436522(Try10); MDO—100010059; XLA—379460(MGC64344); Dmel_CG10587;Dmel_CG11668; Dmel_CG12385(thetaTry); Dmel_CG16705(SPE);Dmel_CG18681(epsilonTry); Dmel_CG30371; Dmel_CG31822; Dmel_CG32755;Dmel_CG34409; Dmel_CG5255; Dmel_CG7754(iotaTry); Dmel_CG9372;Dpse_GA14937; ANI—AN2366.2, SMA—SAV_2443; Protein database bank entries:1AOJ; 1AND; 1AZ8; 1BTP; 1C1N; 1C1T; 1C21; 1C5Q; 1C9P; 1EB2; 1EZX; 1FMG;1FY8; 1GDN; 1GI5; 1J15; 1K1L; 1MAY; 1NC6; 1020; 102X; 1036; 103F; 1030;1PPC; 1QB1; 1RXP; 1S84; 1SMF; 1TNJ; 1TX7; 1UTP; 1V2Q; 1XUG; 1Y3W; 1YLC;2AGE; 2BY6; 2F3C; 2FX6; 209Q; 2STA; 2ZDL; 3BTG; 3TGI; 5PTP, etc.].

Chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) generally cleaves peptide bonds at thecarboxyl side of amino acids, with a preference for a substratecomprising a Tyr, a Trp, a Phe, and/or a Leu, with structural andsequence information known in the art [e.g., KEGG sequencesHSA—1504(CTRB1), 440387(CTRB2); PTR—736467(CTRB1); MCC—711100,713851(CTRB1); MMU—66473(Ctrb1); RNO—24291(Ctrb1); CFA—479649(CTRB2),479650(CTRB1), 610373; BTA—504241(CTRB1); XLA—379495, 379607(MGC64417),444360; XTR—496968(ctrl), 548358(ctrbl); DRE—322451(ctrbl), 562139;NVE—NEMVE v1g140545; DME—Dmel_CG10472, Dmel_CG11529, Dmel_CG11911,Dmel_CG16996, Dmel_CG16997, Dmel_CG17234, Dmel_CG17477, Dmel_CG18179,Dmel_CG18180, Dmel_CG31362(Jon99Ciii), Dmel_CG3916, Dmel_CG6298(Jon74E),Dmel_CG6457(yip7), Dmel_CG6467(Jon65Aiv), Dmel_CG6592, Dmel_CG7142,Dmel_CG7170(Jon66Cii), Dmel_CG7542, Dmel_CG8329, Dmel_CG8579(Jon44E),Dmel_CG8869(Jon25Bii); DPO—Dpse_GA19618, Dpse_GA21380; Protein databasebank entries 1AB9, 1ACB, 1AFQ, 1CA0, 1CBW, 1CHO, 1DLK, 1EQ9, 1EX3, 1GCD,1GCT, 1GG6, 1GGD, 1GHA, 1GHB, 1GL0, 1GL1, 1GMC, 1GMD, 1GMH, 1HJA, 1K21,1KDQ, 1MTN, 1N80, 1OXG, 1P2M, 1P2N, 1P20, 1P2Q, 1T7C, 1T8L, 1T8M, 1T8N,1T80, 1VGC, 1YPH, 2CHA, 2GCH, 2GCT, 2GMT, 2JET, 2P80, 2VGC, 3BG4, 3GCH,3GCT, 3VGC, 4CHA, 4GCH, 4VGC, 5CHA, 5GCH, 6CHA, 6GCH, 7GCH, 8GCH, etc.].

Chymotrypsin C (EC 3.4.21.2) hydrolyzes a peptide bond, particularlythose comprising a Leu, a Tyr, a Phe, a Met, a Trp, a Gln, and/or anAsn, with structural and sequence information known in the art [e.g.,Protein database bank entries: HSA*-*11330(CTRC); PTR*-*739685(CTRC);MCC*-*700270, 700762(CTRC); MMU*-*76701(Ctrc); RNO*-*362653(Ctrc);CFA*-*478220(CTRC); BTA*-*514047(CTRC); etc.].

Subtilisin (EC 3.4.21.62) comprises a serine endopeptidase, andhydrolyzes a peptide bond, particularly those comprising a bulkyuncharged P1 residue; as well as hydrolyzes a peptide amide bond, withstructural and sequence information known in the art [e.g., KEGGsequences DME—Dmel_CG7169(S1P); OSA—4334194(Os03g0761500);ANG—An09g03780(pepD); PFA—PFE0370c; PEN—PSEEN4433; CPS—CPS_0751;AZO—azo1237(subC); GSU—GSU2075; GME—Gmet_0931; RLE—RL1858;BRA—BRADO0807; RDE—RD1_4002(apr); BSU—BSU10300(aprE); BHA—BH0684(alp)BH0855; BTL—BALH_4378; BLI—BLO1111(apr); BLD—BLi01109;BCL—ABC0761(aprE); DRM—Dred_0089; MTA—Moth_2027; MPU—MYPU_6550;MHJ—MHJ_0085; RHA—RHA1_ro08410; SEN—SACE_7133(aprE); RBA—RB841;AVA—Ava_2018, Ava_4060; Protein database bank entries: 1A2Q, 1AF4, 1AK9,1AV7, 1AVT, 1BFK, 1C3L, 1C9N, 1GCI, 1IAV, 1MPT, 1OYV, 1SBC, ISBN, 1SCD,1SIB, 1SUA, 1SUD, 1SVN, 1TM3, 1TM7, 1T02, 1VSB, 1Y34, 1Y3D, 1Y4A, 2E1P,2Z2X, 2Z30, 2Z58, 3CNQ, 3SIC, 5SIC, etc.].

Lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) catalyzes the reaction: in a peptidoglycan,hydrolyzes a (1,4)-β-linkage between N-acetylmuramic acid and aN-acetyl-D-glucosamine; in a chitodextrin (a polymer of (1,4)-β-linkedN-acetyl-D-glucosamine monomers), hydrolyzes the (1,4)-β-linkage, withstructural and sequence information known in the art [e.g., Proteindatabase bank entries 102l, 103l, 104l, 107l, 108l, 109l, 110l, 111l,112l, 113l, 114l, 115l, 116l, 118l, 119l, 120l, 122l, 123l, 125l, 126l,127l, 128l, 129l, 130l, 171l; KEEG sequences HSA—4069(LYZ);PTR—450190(LYZ); MCC—718361(LYZ); MMU—17105(Lyz2) 17110(Lyz1);RNO—25211(Lyz2); DPO—Dpse_GA11118 Dpse_GA20595; AGA—AgaP_AGAP005717AgaP_AGAP007343 AgaP_AGAP007344 AgaP_AGAP007345 AgaP_AGAP007347AgaP_AGAP007385; PPH—Ppha_0875Protein; etc.).

Lysostaphin (EC 3.4.24.75) catalyzes the reaction: in a staphylococcal(e.g., S. aureus) peptidoglycan, hydrolyzes a -GlyGly- bond in apentaglycine inter-peptide link (e.g., cleaves the polyglycinecross-links in the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall of aStaphylococcus sp.), with structural and sequence information known inthe art [e.g., Protein database bank entries 1QWY, 2B0P, 2B13, 2B44;HAR: HEAR2799; SAU: SA0265(lytM); SAV: SAV0276(lytM); SAW:SAHV_0274(lytM); SAM: MW0252(lytM); SAR: SAR0273(lytM); AM1_B0175; etc].

Lysyl endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.50) catalyzes the peptide cleavagereaction: at a Lys, including -LysPro-, with structural and sequenceinformation known in the art (e.g., Protein database bank entries larb,larc; KEEG sequences SRU: SRU_1622; etc.).

Cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) catalyzes the reaction: in a cellulose,endohydrolysis of a (1,4)-β-D-glucosidic linkage; in a lichenin,endohydrolysis of a (1,4)-β-D-glucosidic linkage; and/or in a cerealβ-D-glucan, endohydrolysis of a (1,4)-β-D-glucosidic linkage, withstructural and sequence information known in the art [e.g., Proteindatabase bank entries 1A39; 1A3H; 1AIW; 1CEC; 1CEM; 1CEN; 1CEO; 1CLC;1CX1; 1DAQ; 1DAV; 1DYM; 1DYS; 1E5J; lECE; 1EDG; lEG1; 1EGZ; 1F9D; 1F90;8A3H; KEEG sequences DFRU: 144551(NEWSINFRUG00000162829)157531(NEWSINFRUG00000148215) 180346(NEWSINFRUG00000163275); DBMO:Bmb020157; CNE: CNH00790; CNB: CNBL0740; DPCH: 121193(e_gwh2.5.359.1)129325(e_gwh2.2.646.1) 139079(e_gww2.2.208.1); LBC: LACBIDRAFT_294705LACBIDRAFT_311963; DDI: DDB_0215351(celA) DDB_0230001; DPKN: KCR:Kcr_0883 Kcr_1258; etc.].

Chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) catalyzes the reaction: random hydrolysis of aN-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide (1→4)-β-linkage in a chitin; and randomhydrolysis of a N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide (1→4)-β-linkage in achitodextrin, with structural and sequence information known in the art[e.g., Protein database bank entries: 1CNS; 1CTN; 1D2K; 1DXJ; 1E6Z;3CQL; KEEG sequences HSA: 1118(CHIT1) 27159(CHIA); PTR: 457641(CHIT1);MCC: 703284(CHIA) 703286(CHIT1); HAU: Haur_2750; etc.].

β-agarase (EC 3.2.1.81) catalyzes the reaction: in agarose, hydrolysisof a 1,4-β-D-galactosidic linkage, producing a tetramer, with structuraland sequence information known in the art [e.g., Protein database bankentries 1O4Y, 1O4Z, 1URX; KEEG sequences PPF: Pput_1162; PAT: Patl_1904Patl_1971 Patl_2341 Patl_2640 Patl_2642; SDE: Sde_1175 Sde_1176 Sde_2644Sde_2650 Sde_2655; RPB: RPB_3029; RPD: RPD_2419; RPE: RPE_4620; SCO:SC03471(dagA); RBA: RB3421(agrA); etc.].

N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase (EC 3.5.1.28) catalyzes the reaction:hydrolysis of a link between a L-amino acid residue and aN-acetylmuramoyl residue in some cell-wall glycopeptides, withstructural and sequence information known in the art [e.g., Proteindatabase bank entries 1ARO, 1GVM, 1H8G, 1HCX, 1J3G, 1JWQ, 1LBA, 1X60,1XOV, 2AR3, 2BGX, 2BH7, 2BML; KEEG sequences HSA: 114770(PGLYRP2)114771(PGLYRP3) 57115(PGLYRP4) 8993(PGLYRP1); PTR: 455797(PGLYRP2)737434(PGLYRP3) 737562(PGLYRP4); MCC: 714583(LOC714583) 718287(PGLYRP2)718480(LOC718480); MMU: 21946(Pglyrp1) 242100(Pglyrp3) 57757(Pglyrp2);MMA: MM_2290; etc.].

A lytic transglycosylase (“lytic murein transglycosylase,” EC 3.2.1.-)demonstrates exo-N-acetylmuramidase activity, and can cleave a glycanstrand comprising linked a peptide and/or a glycan strand that lacklinked peptides with similar efficiency, with structural and sequenceinformation known in the art [e.g., Protein database bank entries 1Q2R,1Q2S, 2PJJ, 2PIC, 1QSA, 2PNW, 1QTE, 1QUS, 1QUT, 1QDR, 1SLY, 1DOK, iDOL,1DOM, 3BKH, 3BKV, 2AE0; KEEG sequences ECO: b2701(mltB); ECJ:JW2671(mltB); ECE: Z4004(mltB); ECS: ECs3558; ECC: c3255(mltB); YPY:YPK_1464; YEN: YE1242(mltB); SYP: SYNPCC7002_A2370(mltA); etc.].

Glucan endo-1,3-β-D-glucosidase (“glucoamylase”) (EC 3.2.1.39) catalyzesthe reaction: hydrolysis of a (1,3)-β-D-glucosidic linkage in a(1,3)-β-D-glucan, with structural and sequence information known in theart [e.g., Protein database bank entries 1GHS, 2CYG, 2HYK, 3DGT; KEEGsequences DBMO: Bmb007310; ATH: AT3G57260(BGL2); DPOP:769807(fgenesh4_pg.C_LG_X001297); FJO: Fjoh_2435; etc.].

Endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.6) catalyzes the reaction:endohydrolysis of a (1,3)-linkage in a β-D-glucan and/or a (1,4)-linkagein a β-D-glucan, wherein the hydrolyzed link's glucose residue issubstituted at a C-3 of the reducing moiety that is part of thesubstrate chemical linkage, with structural and sequence informationknown in the art [e.g., Protein database bank entries 1UP4, 1UP6, 1UP7,2CL2; KEEG sequences NCR: NCU04431 NCU07076; PAN: PODANSg699PODANSg9033; FGR: FG04768.1 FG06119.1 FG08757.1; and/or NPH:NP4306A(celM); etc.].

Peptide-N⁴—(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase (EC 3.5.1.52)catalyzes the reaction: hydrolysis of aN⁴-(acetyl-β-D-glucosaminyl)asparagine residue, with structural andsequence information known in the art [e.g., Protein database bankentries 1PGS, 1PNF, 1PNG, 1X3W, 1X3Z, 2D5U, 2F4M, 2F40, 2G9F, 2G9G,2HPJ, 2HPL, 2174; KEEG sequences HSA: 55768(NGLY1); PTR: 460233(NGLY1);MCC: 700842(LOC700842); DECB: 100059456(LOC100059456); OAA:100075786(LOC100075786); GGA: 420655(NGLY1); DRE: 553627(zgc:110561);and/or DTPS: 35410(e_gw1.7.250.1); etc.].

Mannosyl-glycoprotein endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.96)catalyzes the reaction: a N,N′-diacetylchitobiosyl unit endohydrolysisin a high-mannose glycoprotein and/or a glycopeptide comprising a-[Man(GlcNAc)₂]Asn- structure, wherein the intact oligosaccharide isreleased and a N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue is still attached to theprotein, with structural and sequence information known in the art[e.g., Protein database bank entries 1C3F, 1C8X, 1C8Y, 1C90, 1C91, 1C92,1C93, 1EDT, 1EOK, 1EOM, 2EBN; KEEG sequences HSA: 64772(FLJ21865); OAA:100089364(LOC100089364); DCIN: 254322(gw1.55.22.1); and/or CHU:CHU_1472(flgJ); etc.].

1-carrageenase (EC 3.2.1.157) catalyzes the reaction: in an1-carrageenan, endohydrolysis of a 1,4-β-D-linkage between a3,6-anhydro-D-galactose-2-sulfate and a D-galactose 4-sulfate, withstructural and sequence information known in the art (e.g., Proteindatabase bank entries 1H80, 1KTW, etc.).

K-carrageenase (EC 3.2.1.83) catalyzes the reaction: in aκ-carrageenans, endohydrolysis of a 1,4-β-D-linkage between a3,6-anhydro-D-galactose and a D-galactose 4-sulfate, with structural andsequence information known in the art (e.g., Protein database bankentries 1DYP; KEEG sequences RBA: RB2702; etc.).

Other antibiological/antimicrobial enzymes, proteins, peptides, andother biomolecules may be used herein. Beta mannanase (“endo-1,4-β-mannanase,” “beta-mannosidase”) is identified by enzyme commissionnumber EC 3.2.1.25 and catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal,non-reducing β-D-mannose residues in β-D-mannosides; with structural andsequence information known in the art with examples including Proteindatabase bank entries (e.g., 1BQC; 2WHK; 5JTS; 3WSU; etc.). Chymosin isa protease identified by enzyme commission number EC 3.4.23.4; withstructural and sequence information known in the art with examplesincluding Protein database bank entries (e.g., 4AA8; 1CMS; 4AUC; 4AA9;etc.). Glucose oxidase catalyses the oxidation of glucose to hydrogenperoxide and D-glucono-1,5-lactone and is identified by enzymecommission number EC 1.1.3.4; with structural and sequence informationknown in the art with examples including Protein database bank entries5NIT; 5NIW; 3RJ8; 3RJA; 1GPE; etc.). A peroxidase (e.g., a horseradishperoxidase) catalyzes the reaction 2 phenolic donor+H₂O₂=2 phenoxylradical of the donor+2H₂O and is identified by enzyme commission numberEC 1.11.1.7; with structural and sequence information known in the artwith examples including Protein database bank entries (e.g., 1GZA; 2RM5;3DWV; 1B85; 1MNP; 1ATJ; 1QGJ; 1GWU; 1H58; etc.). A laccase catalyzes thereaction 4 benzenediol+O₂=4 benzosemiquinone+2H₂O and is identified byenzyme commission number EC 1.10.3.2; with structural and sequenceinformation known in the art with examples including Protein databasebank entries (e.g., 3CG8; 5E9N; 2HRH; 2XU9; 3FPX; 3TAS; 6F5K; etc.). Apolygalacturonase catalyzes the reaction hydrolysis of(1→4)-α-D-galactosiduronic linkages in a galacturonan and or pectate andis identified by enzyme commission number EC 3.2.1.15; with structuraland sequence information known in the art with examples includingProtein database bank entries (e.g., 1IA5; 2IQ7; 1BHE; 1CZF; 1IB4; 1OGQ;1NHC; etc.). A thermolysin catalyzes the reaction cleavage at leucineand phenylalanine and is identified by enzyme commission number EC3.4.24.27; with structural and sequence information known in the artwith examples including Protein database bank entries (e.g., 1TLX; 1KEI;5DLH; 1LNB; 1LNF; 40W3; 4TNL; etc.). An alpha amylase (“α-amylase”)catalyzes the reaction cleavage endohydrolysis of (1→4)-α-D-glucosidiclinkages in trimers and longer polymers and is identified by enzymecommission number EC 3.2.1.1; with structural and sequence informationknown in the art with examples including Protein database bank entries(e.g., 1BLI; 1PIF; 1W9X; 1AQH; 1DHK; 1AMY; 1WZA; 2J4U; etc.). Analginate lyase (“mannuronate-specific alginate lyase”) catalyzes thereaction alginate cleavage to produce oligosaccharides with theirreducing ends having j-D-mannuronate and/or4-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-4-enuronosyl groups and is identified by enzymecommission number EC 4.2.2.3; with structural and sequence informationknown in the art with examples including Protein database bank entries(e.g., 1HV6; 1J1T; 5GMT; 40ZV; 40ZX; etc.). A lactoferrin sequestersiron and produces peroxides, with structural and sequence informationknown in the art with examples including Protein database bank entries(e.g., 1BOL; 1BIY; 1FCK; 1BLF; 1N76; etc.). A melittin may altercellular membranes, with structural and sequence information known inthe art with examples including Protein database bank entries (e.g.,2MLT; 3QRX; 2MW6; etc.). A bacteriocin such as an enterocin and nisinmay have antibiological activity by various mechanisms such as alteringcellular membranes, inhibition of peptidoglycan, other mechanisms withstructural and sequence information known in the art with examplesincluding Protein database bank entries (e.g., 2M5Z; 2M60; 2MP8; etc.).A nisin is a polycyclic peptide (Cas no. 1414-45-5). A monolaurin is anester of a fatty acid, lauric acid, and glycerol.

In certain embodiments, a material formulation comprises an esteraseidentified by enzyme commission number EC 3.1.8, the phosphoric triesterhydrolases, such as a phosphoric triester hydrolase includes anaryldialkylphosphatase (EC 3.1.8.1) and/or andiisopropyl-fluorophosphatase (EC 3.1.8.2). An aryldialkylphosphatase(EC 3.1.8.1) (“organophosphorus hydrolase,” “paraoxonase”) and acatalyzes the following reaction: aryl dialkyl phosphate+H₂O=an arylalcohol+dialkyl phosphate, with structural and sequence informationknown in the art with examples including Protein database bank entries[e.g., 1JGM, 1DPM, 1PSC, 1PTA, 1EYW, 1EZ2, 1HZY, lIOB, HOD, 1JGM, 1P6B,1P6C, 1P9E, 1QW7, 1V04, 2D2G, 2D2H, 2D2J, 204M, 204Q, 20B3, 2OQL, 2R1K,2R1L, 2R1M, 2R1N, 2R1P, 2VC5, 2VC7, 2ZC1, 3C86, 3CAK, 3E3H); KEEGsequences (e.g., HSA—5444(PON1), 5445(PON2), 5446(PON3);PTR—463547(PON1), 463548(PON3), 463549(PON2); and/or RXY—Rxyl_2340];Genbank sequences (e.g., Genbank accession no. M20392, M22863, AY043245,AJ426431, M29593, M63012, etc.); and Entrez databank sequences (e.g.,Entrez nos. AAK85308, CAD19996, AAA98299, AAA24931, AAA24930, AAB59538,etc.). A diisopropyl-fluorophosphatase (EC 3.1.8.2) catalyzes thefollowing reaction: diisopropyl fluorophosphate+H₂O=fluoride+diisopropylphosphate, with structural and sequence information known in the art(e.g., Protein database bank entries 1E1A, 1PJX, 2GVU, 2GVV, 2GVW, 2GVX,2IAO, 2IAP, 2IAQ, 2IAR, 2IAS, 2IAT, 2IAU, 2IAV, 2IAW, 2IAX, 2W43, 3BYC;GeneBank accession no. AX018860, U28937; Entrez databank AAC52721;etc.). Organophosphorus acid anhydrolases (“OPAA”) are also included inE.C.3.1.8.2, with structural and sequence information known in the art(e.g., GeneBank accession nos. U29240, U56398; Entrez databank nos.AAB05590, AAA99824; ATCC 23821; etc.).

In certain aspects, a biomolecule (e.g., a proteinaceous molecule) for abiomolecule composition may be biologically produced in a cell, a tissueand/or an organism including but not limited to being endogenouslyand/or recombinantly produced and/or synthesized (e.g., a chemicallysynthesized peptide) using any method or technique in the art. [In“Molecular Cloning” (Sambrook, J., and Russell, D. W., Eds.) 3rdEdition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,2001; In “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” (Chanda, V. B. Ed.)John Wiley & Sons, 2002; In “Current Protocols in Cell Biology” (Morgan,K. Ed.) John Wiley & Sons, 2002; In “Current Protocols in Nucleic AcidChemistry” (Harkins, E. W. Ed.) John Wiley & Sons, 2002; In “CurrentProtocols in Protein Science” (Taylor, G. Ed.) John Wiley & Sons, 2002;In “Current Protocols in Pharmacology” (Taylor, G. Ed.) John Wiley &Sons, 2002; In “Current Protocols in Cytometry” (Robinson, J. P. Ed.)John Wiley & Sons, 2002; In “Current Protocols in Immunology” (Coico, R.Ed.) John Wiley & Sons, 2002]. A biological cell (e.g., amicroorganism), a virus, a tissue, and/or an organism (e.g., a plant)may be obtained from an environmental source using procedures of the art[see, for example, “Environmental Biotechnology Isolation ofBiotechnological Organisms From Nature (Labeda, D. P., Ed.), 1990]. Suchbiological materials and information about appropriate growth conditionsmay be obtainable from the biological culture collection and/orcommercial vendor that stores the biological material, and the locationof a specific biological material may be identified using a databasesuch as that maintained by the World Data Center for Microorganisms(National Institute of Genetics, WFCC-MIRCEN World Data Center forMicroorganisms, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540 JAPAN). Specificexamples of biological culture collections referred to herein includethe American Type Culture Collection (“ATCC”; P.O. Box 1549, Manassas,Va. 20108-1549, U.S.A.), the Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa(“CCAP”; CEH Windermere, The Ferry House, Far Sawrey, Ambleside, CumbriaLA22 OLP, United Kingdom), the Collection de l'Institut Pasteur (“CIP”;Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France),the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (“DSMZ”;GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1B, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany), the IHEMBiomedical Fungi and Yeasts Collection (“IHEM”; Scientific Institute ofPublic Health—Louis Pasteur, Mycology Section, Rue J. Wytsmanstraat 14,B-1050 Brussels), the Japan Collection of Microorganisms (“JCM”;Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako, Saitama351-0198, Japan), the Collection of the Laboratorium voor Microbiologieen Microbiele Genetica (“LMG”; Rijksuniversiteit, Ledeganckstraat 35,B-9000, Gent, Belgium), the MUCL (Agro)Industrial Fungi & YeastsCollection (“MUCL,” Mycotheque de l'Universite catholique de Louvain,Place Croix du Sud 3, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve), the Pasteur CultureCollection of Cyanobacteria (“PCC”; Unite de Physiologie Microbienne,Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France),the All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms (“VKM”; Russian Academy ofSciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms,142292 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia), and the University of Texas(“UTEX”; Department of Botany, The University of Texas at Austin,Austin, Tex. 78713-7640). Selection of certain cell(s) and/or virus(s)are capable of growth in environmental conditions typically harmful tomany other types of cells (“extremophiles”), such as conditions ofextreme temperature, salt and/or pH. A biomolecule derived from such acell and/or a virus may be useful in certain embodiments for durability,activity, or other property of a material formulation comprising abiomolecule composition (e.g., a bio-based antibiological agent) thatundergoes conditions similar to (e.g., the same or overlapping ranges)as those found in the cell's and/or the virus's growth environment. A“hyperthermophile” or “thermophile” typically grows in temperaturesgreater than about 40° C., often up to about 120° C. or more. A“psychrophile” typically grows at about −10° C. to about 20° C., and a“mesophile” typically grows at about 20° C. to about 40° C., and an“extreme halophile” may be capable of living in salt-water conditions ofabout 1.5 M (8.77% w/v) sodium chloride to about 2.7 M (15.78% w/v) ormore sodium chloride. An “extreme acidophile” may be capable of growingin about pH 1 to about pH 6, while an “extreme alkaliphile” may becapable of growing in about pH 8 to about pH 14.

A biomolecule may be derived from a non-biological source, such as thecase of a proteinaceous and/or a nucleotide sequence engineered by thehand of man. For example, a nucleotide sequence encoding a syntheticpeptide sequence from a peptide library. In some aspects, one or morepeptides may be prepared as a peptide library, which typically comprisesa plurality (e.g., about 2 to about 10¹⁰ peptides). A peptide librarymay comprise a D-amino acid, an L-amino acid, a cyclic amino acid, acommon amino acid, an uncommon amino acid (e.g., a non-naturallyoccurring amino acid), a stereoisomer (e.g., a D-amino acidstereoisomer, an L-amino acid stereoisomer), or a combination thereof. Apeptide library may comprise a synthetically produced peptide and/or abiologically produced peptide (e.g., a recombinantly produced peptide,see for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,351). In particular aspects, anantimicrobial biomolecule composition comprise a peptide (e.g.,ProteCoat®, Reactive Surfaces, Ltd., LLP.; also described in U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,020,312; 5,885,782; and 5,602,097, and patent application Ser.Nos. 10/884,355 and 11/368,086; e.g., SEQ ID no. 40).

It is possible to alter a proteinaceous molecule (e.g., an enzyme, anantibody, a receptor, a peptide, a polypeptide) with a defined aminoacid sequence and/or length for one or more properties. Examples of aproperty, in the context of a proteinaceous molecule, includes, but isnot limited to, a ligand binding property, a catalytic property, astability property, a property related to environmental safety, a chargeproperty, or a combination thereof. As used herein, a wild-typeproteinaceous molecule refers to an amino acid sequence that functionsas an enzyme and matches the sequence encoded by an isolated gene from anatural source. A proteinaceous molecule (e.g., an enzyme, an antibody,a receptor, a peptide, a polypeptide) comprising a chemical modificationand/or a sequence modification that functions the same or similar (e.g.,a modified enzyme of the same EC classification as the unmodifiedenzyme) comprises a “functional equivalent” to, and “in accordance”with, an un-modified proteinaceous molecule. For example, various aminoacids have been given a numeric quantity based on the characteristics ofcharge and hydrophobicity, called the hydropathic index (Kyte, J. andDoolittle, R. F. J. Mol. Biol., 157:105-132, 1982), as well as a valuehas based on hydrophilicity (seem for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101),and an amino acid may be substituted for a different amino acid having asimilar hydropathic and/or hydrophobicity value (e.g., generally within+/−2, within +/−1, and/or within +/−0.5), and retain similar if notidentical biological activity. In some cases a proteinaceous moleculemay be 70%, 80%, 90%, up to 100% similar in sequence identity and/orlength and retain similar if not identical biological activity.Functional equivalents are that may be used are described, for example,in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/696,651, 12/474,921 and12/882,563, each specifically incorporated herein by reference.

In some embodiments, after production of a biomolecule by a living cell,the composition comprising the biomolecule may undergo one or moreprocessing procedure(s) to prepare a biomolecule composition (e.g., abio-based antibiological agent). Examples of such procedures includeconcentrating, drying, applying physical force, extracting,resuspending, controlling temperature, permeabilizing, disrupting,chemically modifying, encapsulating, proteinaceous moleculepurification, immobilizing, or a combination thereof. Sterilizing(“inactivating”) kills living matter (e.g., a cell, a virus), whileattenuation reduces the virulence of a living matter. Examples ofsterilizing and/or attenuating may include contacting the living matterwith a toxin, a solvent and/or a chemically reactive materialformulation component, irradiating the living matter (e.g., infrared(“IR”) radiation, ionizing radiation, microwave radiation, ultra-violet(“UV”) radiation, particle radiation such as alpha radiation, electronbeam/beta radiation, neutron radiation, proton radiation), heating theliving matter above a temperature suitable for life (e.g., 100° C. inmany cases, more for an extremophile), or a combination thereof or acombination thereof. Concentrating refers to any process reducing thevolume of a composition, an article, etc. An undesired component thatcomprises the excess volume is removed and/or the desired compositionmay be localized to a reduced volume. Concentrating may be by any methodknown in the art, including, for example, washing, filtrating, agravitational force, a gravimetric force (e.g., centrifugation), or acombination thereof. Drying (e.g., freeze-drying, lyophilizing, spraydrying) may remove an undesired liquid, and may produce a material thatis more stable (e.g., enzymatic activity retention during storage) thanan undried material. Physical force (e.g., grinding, milling, shearing)may alter the average particle size of a material, such as producing apowder form of a material (e.g., a powdered enzyme). An underside ordesired material (e.g., an enzyme) may be partly or fully removed, acellular material may be permeabilized (e.g., cell wall permeabilized),a materials solubility may be altered, or a combination thereof, byextraction with appropriate solvents. Permeabilization [e.g., contactingwith a permeabilizing agent such as dimethyl sulfoxide (“DMSO”), EDTA,tributyl phosphate, contact with a solvent, pressure such as processingthrough a French press, sonication, mechanical shearing, homogenization,sonication, freeze drying, spray drying, freezing then thawing, contactwith a porin and/or an enzyme such as a lysozyme, etc.] of a biomoleculecomposition comprising a cell membrane and/or a cell wall may promotethe separation of cells, reduce the average particle size of thematerial, allow greater access to a biomolecule in a cell (e.g., topromote ease of extraction), or a combination thereof.

The form of a biomolecule composition (e.g., a bio-based antibiologicalagent) may varied through processing techniques to optimize a desiredproperty such as bioactivity and/or bioactivity resistance upon and/orwithin a particular material formulation. In certain aspects, the totalcontent of desired biomolecule may range from about 0.0000001% to about99.9999% of a material prepared from a biological cell, by volume and/ordry weight. A whole cell material refers to particulate material themajority (i.e., greater than 50% by weight or volume) resembles anintact living cell upon microscopic examination, while if less than themajority is does not resemble intact living cells such material isreferred to as cell-fragment material. In some cases, the presence ofcellular material (e.g., a cell wall biomolecule) other than the desiredbiomolecule (e.g., an enzyme) may provide a protective effect from amaterial formulation's component (e.g., a solvent, a binder, a polymer,a crosslinking agent, a reactive chemical such as a peroxide, anadditive, etc.); a material formulation related chemical reaction (e.g.,thermosetting reaction); a potentially damaging agent that a materialformulation may contact (e.g., a chemical, a solvent, a detergent,etc.); or a combination thereof. A purified biomolecule composition(e.g., a purified enzyme, a purified peptide, etc.) comprises a desiredbiomolecule that has been removed in any degree from other extraneousmaterials (e.g., cellular material, nutrient or culture medium used ingrowth and/or expression, etc), such as wherein the concentration of adesired biomolecule has been enhanced about 2 to about 1,000,000-fold ormore, from its original concentration in a material (e.g., a recombinantcell, a nutrient or culture medium, a chemical synthesis reactioncomposition, etc). In other embodiments, a purified biomolecule maycomprise about 0.0000001% to about 100% of a composition comprising abiomolecule. Non-limiting techniques for purification in addition toother techniques described herein or as would be known to one ofordinary skill in the art include ammonium sulfate precipitation,ultrafiltration, polyethylene glycol suspension, hexanol extraction,methanol precipitation, Triton X-100 extraction, acrinol treatment,isoelectric focusing, alcohol treatment, acid treatment, acetoneprecipitation, affinity chromatography (e.g., antibody affinitychromatography, lectin affinity chromatography), fast protein liquidchromatography, high performance liquid chromatography “HPLC”),ion-exchange chromatography, exclusion chromatography; and/orelectrophoretic (e.g., polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectricfocusing) methods, precipitation using antibodies, salts, heatdenaturation, centrifugation, dialyzing, etc. Commercially availablepreparations of a purified biomolecule composition often comprise about90% to about 100% of a specific biomolecule.

Chemical modification of a biomolecule composition (e.g., a bio-basedantibiological agent) may be used to alter a physical (e.g.,hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, dispersal of particulate material, etc.)and/or a chemical property (e.g., reactivity with a materialformulation's component) to enhance suitability in a materialformulation. Non-limiting examples of such modifications includeacylatylation; amination; hydroxylation; phosphorylation; methylation;adding a detectable label such as a fluorescein isothiocyanate; covalentattachment of a poly ethylene glycol; a derivation of an amino acid by asugar moiety, a lipid, a phosphate, a farnysyl group; or a combinationthereof, as well as others in the art [see, Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P.G. M. “Productive Groups in Organic Synthesis,” Second Edition, pp.309-315, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA, 1991; U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/655,345; in “Molecular Cloning,” (Sambrook, J., and Russell,D. W., Eds.) 3rd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press, 2001; “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,” 2002].Encapsulation (e.g., microencapsulation) of a biomolecule compositionmay enhance and/or confer the particulate nature of the biomoleculecomposition; provide protection to the biomolecule composition;stabilize a biomolecule composition; increase the average particle sizeto a desired range; allow slow and/or controlled release from theencapsulating material of a component of a biomolecule composition(e.g., a an enzyme, an antimicrobial peptide, etc.) and/or an additionalencapsulated material (e.g., a chemical preservative/pesticide, anisolated biomolecule, etc.); alter surface charge, hydrophobicity,hydrophilicity, solubility and/or disperability of a biomoleculecomposition (e.g., a particulate material) and/or an additionalencapsulated material; or a combination thereof. Examples ofmicroencapsulation (e.g., microsphere) compositions (e.g., a gelatin, ahydrogenated vegetable oil, a maltodextrin, a polyurea, a sucrose, anacacia, an amino resin, an ethylcellulose, a polyester, etc.) andtechniques are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,324,683,4,839,046, 4,988,623, 5,026,650, 5,153,131, 6,485,983, 5,627,021 and6,020,312. Other microencapsulation methods which may be employed arethose described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,827,531; 6,103,271; and 6,387,399. Abiomolecule composition may be resuspended (e.g., converted into asuspension, an emulsion, etc.) and/or dissolved in a liquid component(e.g., one comprising a cryopreservative, a xeroprotectant, abiomolecule stabilizer, etc.), typically for storage, furtherprocessing, and/or addition to a material formulation. Duringprocessing, the temperature may be maintained at or less than theoptimum temperature for the activity of a living organism and/or abiomolecule that may detrimentally affect a biomolecule. Immobilizationrefers to attachment (i.e., by covalent and/or non-covalentinteractions) of a biomolecule (e.g., an enzyme, a peptide) to a solidsupport (“carrier”) and/or crosslinking an enzyme (e.g., a CLEC). Amethod of immobilization includes, for example, absorption, ionicbinding, covalent attachment, crosslinking, entrapment into a gel,entrapment into a membrane compartment, or a combination thereof (KurtFaber, “Biotransformations in Organic Chemistry, a Textbook, ThirdEdition.” Springer-verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 345-356, 1997). Forexample, immobilization of an enzyme to a material formulation's surfaceat the molecular level or scale, to limit conformational changes in thepresence of a solvent that result in loss of activity, prevent enzymeaggregation, improve enzyme resistance to proteolytic digestion bylimiting conformational change(s) and/or exposure of cleavage site(s),to increase the surface area of an exposed enzyme to a substrate forcatalytic activity, or a combination thereof. Various reactive moietiesof a proteinaceous molecule may be used in immobilization (e.g.,covalent immobilization), such as lysine amino moiety, an aspartatecarboxyl moiety a glutamate carboxyl moiety, the C-terminal carboxylicacid, the N-terminal amine, etc. Absorption may be used, for example, toattach a proteinaceous molecule onto a material where it may be held bya non-covalent (e.g., hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals forces)interaction. In some embodiments, a proteinaceous molecule may bestabilized in a material formulation (e.g., a polymeric material, asurface treatment) by immobilization to another molecule (“carriermolecule”) within the material formulation.

In addition to the sources described herein for a biomolecule, areagent, a living cell, etc., such a material and/or a chemical formulathereof may be obtained from convenient source such as a publicdatabase, a biological depository, and/or a commercial vendor. Forexample, various nucleotide sequences, including those that encode aminoacid sequences, may be obtained at a public database, such as the EntrezNucleotides database, which includes sequences from other databasesincluding GenBank (e.g., CoreNucleotide), RefSeq, and PDB. Anotherexample of a public databank for nucleotide and amino acid sequencesincludes the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (“KEGG”) (Kanehisa,M. et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 36:D480-D484, 2008; Kanehisa, M. et al.Nucleic Acids Res. 34:D354-357, 2006; Kanehisa, M. and Goto, S. NucleicAcids Res. 28:27-30, 2000). In another example, various amino acidsequences may be obtained at a public database, such as the Entrezdatabank, which includes sequences from other databases includingSwissProt, PIR, PRF, PDB, Gene, GenBank, and RefSeq. Numerous nucleicacid sequences and/or encoded amino acid sequences can be obtained fromsuch sources. In a further example, a biological material comprising, orare capable of comprising such a biomolecule (e.g., a living cell, avirus), may be obtained from a depository such as the American TypeCulture Collection (“ATCC”), P.O. Box 1549 Manassas, Va. 20108, USA.Many chemical compositions may be further identified by a ChemicalAbstracts Service registration number (“CAS No.”). In an additionalexample, a biomolecule, a chemical reagent, a biological material,and/or an equipment may be obtained from a commercial vendor such asAmersham Biosciences®, 800 Centennial Avenue, P.O. Box 1327, Piscataway,N.J. 08855-1327 USA”; BD Biosciences®, including Clontech®, DiscoveryLabware®, Immunocytometry Systems® and Pharmingen®, 1020 East MeadowCircle, Palo Alto, Calif. 94303-4230 USA”; Invitrogen™, 1600 FaradayAvenue, PO Box 6482, Carlsbad, Calif. 92008 USA”; New England Biolabs®,32 Tozer Road, Beverly, Mass. 01915-5599 USA”; Merck®, One Merck Drive,P.O. Box 100, Whitehouse Station, N.J. 08889-0100 USA”; Novagene®, 441Charmany Dr., Madison, Wis. 53719-1234 USA”; Promega®, 2800 Woods HollowRoad, Madison Wis. 53711 USA”; Pfizer®, including Pharmacia®, 235 East42nd Street, New York, N.Y. 10017 USA”; Quiagen®, 28159 Avenue Stanford,Valencia, Calif. 91355 USA”; Sigma-Aldrich®, including Sigma, Aldrich,Fluka, Supelco and Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chemicals, PO Box 14508, SaintLouis, Mo. 63178 USA”; Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd, 1-2Doshomachi 3-Chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-8605, Japan; TCI America, 9211 N.Harborgate Street, Portland, Oreg. 97203, U.S.A.; Reactive Surfaces,Ltd, 300 West Avenue Ste #1316, Austin, Tex. 78701; Stratagene®, 11011N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, Calif. 92037 USA, etc. In a furtherexample, a biomolecule, a chemical reagent, a biological material,and/or an equipment may be obtained from commercial vendors such asAmersham Biosciences®, 800 Centennial Avenue, P.O. Box 1327, Piscataway,N.J. 08855-1327 USA”; Allen Bradley, 1201 South Second Street,Milwaukee, Wis. 53204-2496, USA”; BD Biosciences®, including Clontech®,Discovery Labware®, Immunocytometry Systems® and Pharmingen®, 1020 EastMeadow Circle, Palo Alto, Calif. 94303-4230 USA”; Baker, MallinckrodtBaker, Inc., 222 Red School Lane, Phillipsburg N.J. 08865, U.S.A.”;Bioexpression and Fermentation Facility, Life Sciences Building, 1057Green Street, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 30602, USA”; BioxpressScientific, PO Box 4140, Mulgrave Victoria 3170”; Boehringer IngelheimGmbH, Corporate Headquarters, Binger Str. 173, 55216 Ingelheim, GermanyChem Service, Inc, PO Box 599, West Chester, Pa. 19381-0599, USA”;Chemko, a.s. Straiske, Priemyselni 720, 072 22 Straiske, Slovikia,Hungary; Difco, Voigt Global Distribution Inc., P.O. Box 1130, Lawrence,Kans. 66044-8130, USA”; Fisher Scientific, 2000 Park Lane Drive,Pittsburgh, Pa. 15275, USA”; Invitrogen™, 1600 Faraday Avenue, PO Box6482, Carlsbad, Calif. 92008 USA”; Ferro Pfanstiehl Laboratories, Inc.,1219 Glen Rock Avenue, Waukegan, Ill. 60085-0439, USA”; New EnglandBiolabs®, 32 Tozer Road, Beverly, Mass. 01915-5599 USA”; Merck®, OneMerck Drive, P.O. Box 100, Whitehouse Station, N.J. 08889-0100 USA”;Novozymes North America Inc., PO BOX 576, 77 Perry Chapel Church Road,Franklinton N.C. 27525 United States; Millipore Corporate Headquarters,290 Concord Rd., Billerica, Mass. 01821, USA”; Nalgene®Labware, NalgeNunc International, International Department, 75 Panorama Creek Drive,Rochester, N.Y. 14625. U.S.A.”; New Brunswick Scientific Co., Inc., 44Talmadge Road, Edison, N.J. 08817 USA”; Novagene®, 441 Charmany Dr.,Madison, Wis. 53719-1234 USA”; NCSRT, Inc., 1000 Goodworth Drive, Apex,N.C. 27539, USA”; Promega®, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison Wis. 53711USA”; Pfizer®, including Pharmacia®, 235 East 42nd Street, New York,N.Y. 10017 USA”; Quiagen®, 28159 Avenue Stanford, Valencia, Calif. 91355USA”; SciLog, Inc., 8845 South Greenview Drive, Suite 4, Middleton, Wis.53562, USA”; Sigma-Aldrich®, including Sigma, Aldrich, Fluka, Supelco,and Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chemicals, PO Box 14508, Saint Louis”; USBCorporation, 26111 Miles Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44128, USA”; SherwinWilliams Company, 101 Prospect Ave., Cleveland, Ohio, USA”; Lightnin,135 Mt. Read Blvd., Rochester, N.Y. 14611 U.S.A.”; Amano Enzyme, USACo., Ltd. 2150 Point Boulevard Suite 100 Elgin, Ill. 60123 U.S.A.”;Novozymes North America Inc., 77 Perry Chapel Church Road, Franklinton,N.C. 27525, U.S.A.”; and WB Moore, Inc., 1049 Bushkill Drive, Easton,Pa. 18042. For example, a lipase may be obtained from a commercialvendor, such as a type VII lipase from Candida rugosa (Sigma-Aldrichproduct no. L1754; ≥700 unit/mg solid; CAS No. 9001-62-1); a Lipoase(Novozymes; Lipolase® 100 L, Type EX), which typically comprises about2% (w/w) lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (CAS No. 9001-62-1).

Of course, an antibiological agent (e.g., an antimicrobial agent, anantifouling agent, an enzyme, a peptide) may be combined with anotherbiomolecule composition (e.g., an enzyme, a cell based particulatematerial), for the purpose to confer an additional property (e.g., acatalytic activity, a binding property) other than one related toantimicrobial and/or antifouling function. Examples of anotherbiomolecule composition include an enzyme such as a lipolytic enzyme,though some lipolytic enzymes may have antimicrobial and/or antifoulingactivity; a phosphoric triester hydrolase; a sulfuric ester hydrolase; apeptidase, some of which may have an antimicrobial and/or antifoulingactivity; a peroxidase, or a combination thereof. Alternatively, inseveral embodiments, a biomolecule composition may be used with littleor no antimicrobial and/or antifouling function. For example, a materialformation may comprise a combination of active enzymes with little or noactive antibiological (e.g., anti-marine, anti-fouling, anti-microbial,etc.) enzyme present.

In various embodiments, an article, a device, a composition, a method,etc. may comprise one or more selected biomolecules (e.g., 1 to 1000 ormore different selected biomolecules of interest), in variouscombinations thereof (e.g., an enzyme, an antibody, a peptide, etc.). Insome embodiments, the concentration of any individual selectedbiomolecule comprises about 0.000000001% to about 100%, of the materialformulation (e.g., about 0.000000001% to about 50%, about 1% to about50%) by weight or number of molecules (e.g., cured 1:1 coupling agent toenzyme in a cured molecular coating after loss of volatile liquidcomponents).

The general effectiveness of various embodiments is demonstrated in thefollowing Examples. Some methods for preparing compositions areillustrated, and starting materials are made according to proceduresknown in the art or as illustrated herein. The following Examples areprovided so that the embodiments might be more fully understood. TheseExamples are illustrative only and should not be construed as limitingin any way, as various material formulation(s) comprising biomoleculecomposition(s) (e.g., a coating formulation comprising a bio-basedantibiological agent applied to a manufactured article or device) may beprepared in light of the disclosures herein.

Example 1: This Example demonstrates the ability of a lysozyme tosurvive the incorporation process into a coating, demonstrates lysozymehydrolytic activity in a coating environment, and demonstrates theability of lysozyme to survive in-can conditions for 48 hours. ASherwin-Williams Acrylic Latex paint was used. Materials, reagents andequipment used are shown in the tables below.

TABLE 1 Materials and Reagents 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.4Micrococcus lysodeikticus (Worthington Biochemicals, #8736)Sherwin-Williams Acrylic Latex paint Lysozyme (chicken egg white) (SigmaProduct #L 6876, CAS 12650-88-3) 15 mL plastic test tubes

TABLE 2 Equipment Paint spreader (1-8 mil) Polypropylene blocks LightninLabmaster Mixer Rotator shaker Pipettes and Pipetteman Klett-SumersonColorimeter (Filter D35: 540 nm)

The reagents prepared included a Micrococcus cell suspension comprising9 mg M. lysodeikticus in 25 mL sodium phosphate buffer, and a lysozymesolution comprising a 5 mg/mL stock solution. The paint formulationsused are shown in the table below.

TABLE 3 Paint Preparation Sherwin-Williams Acrylic Latex Control (noadditive) Sherwin-Williams Acrylic Latex with 1 mg/mL lysozyme

The paint was mixed with a glass stirring rod and a paint mixer. Eachfilm was immediately drawn onto polypropylene surfaces with a thicknessof 8 mil. Cure time for the Sherwin-Williams was 72 hrs. To demonstratein-can durability, the Sherwin-Williams Acrylic Latex comprisinglysozyme wet paint was sealed and shelf stored at ambient temperature.After 48 hrs in-can, films were drawn onto polypropylene surfaces with athickness of 8 mils and were allowed to cure 72 hrs prior to assay.Coupons were generated as free films from the polypropylene surface.Films were generated in three sizes: 2 cm²: 1 cm by 2 cm; 4 cm²: 1 cm by4 cm; or 6 cm²: 1 cm by 6 cm.

For qualitative assessment, individual films were placed into labeled 15mL tubes. Films of each size (2, 4 and 6 cm²) were evaluated intriplicate. In addition to a control paint with no additive, two othercontrols were utilized, a positive control and a negative control. Thepositive control comprised: lysozyme in buffer added to each of three 15mL tubes in concentrations approximating the amount of lysozyme in thefilms (i.e., 40 μg, 80 μg, and 120 μg). Each amount was assayed intriplicate. The negative control comprised: 5 mL of 0.36 mg/mL M.lysodeikticus cell suspension pipetted into a single 15 mL tube. 5 mL0.36 mg/mL Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell suspension was added to allreaction tubes to begin the reaction. The tubes were placed on a rockerat ambient conditions for approximately 22 hours. Where possible, thefilms were removed from the suspension and determine opacity using theKlett-Summerson Colorimeter (turbidity unit: Klett Unit or KU).

Particulate matter in the samples interfered with quantitation;photographs of each set of 2 cm² paint films and controls following22-hour contact to M. lysodeikticus cell suspension were taken, andobservations recorded in the Tables below.

TABLE 4 Qualitative Observations (visual assessments) Sample¹ Lysozyme(μg) Film Size (cm²) Clarity Suspension/Solution Controls M.lysodeikticus — — Translucent Lysozyme  40 — Transparent²  80 —Transparent 120 — Transparent Control Films S-W 2, 4, 6 TranslucentFilms Comprising Lysozyme S-W 2, 4, 6 Transparent ¹Each evaluation wasperformed in triplicate; ²Thinned in opacity, with some suspendedparticulate matter.

The strips comprising lysozyme of all three sizes of coupons cleared theM. lysodeikticus suspension, indicating that the lysozyme maintainsactivity in the coating environment. Cleared suspensions (lysozymecomprising coupons and controls) comprised large particles whichinterfere with the quantitation of the cleared suspensions. Theparticulate matter was less detectable in the 2 cm² set comprisinglysozyme, so this size coupon was used for the quantitativedemonstrations.

TABLE 5 Quantiative Assessment of Lysozyme In-Film Activity (2 cm² film,4 hr time point, 3 independent assays, each performed in triplicate.)Replicate 1 Replicate 2 Replicate 3 In-can Cell Cell Cell Formulation(hrs) KU lysis KU lysis KU lysis Suspension Controls M. lysodeikticus81.5 0.0% 101  0% Lysozyme 17  27 S-W Acrylic Latex Control Films — 75 18%  74 19% 71  22% — 79  13%  82 10% 76  17% — 83   9%  81 11% 73  20%Films Comprising Lysozyme —  8  91%  20 78% 11  88% — 13  86%  11 88% 15 84% — 13  86%  5 95%  0 100% Control Films 48 hrs 82  10%  65 29% 68 25% Films Comprising 48 hrs 36  61%  26 72% 37  59% Lysozyme KU = KlettUnits, measure of turbidity at 540 nm.

A lysozyme in Sherwin-Williams Acrylic Latex was able to lyse about 88%of the M. lysodeikticus culture over 4 hours, relative to the controlwhich exhibited about a 15% drop in opacity. After in-can shelving for48 hrs (i.e., the lysozyme was mixed into the Sherwin-Williams AcrylicLatex, capped and shelved for 48 hrs prior to drawing down the films),the lysozyme remained active, lysing about 64% of the M. lysodeikticusculture relative to the about 21% lysis exhibited by the control panels.

Example 2: This Example demonstrates the retention of lysozyme activityafter in-can storage in a paint coating for 48 hours; followed by filmformation and activity measurements after enzyme loss due to leaching ina paint film in a saturated condition at 1, 2 and 24 hours aftersubmersion. Materials, reagents and equipment used are shown in thetables below.

TABLE 6 Materials and Reagents 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.4Micrococcus lysodeikticus (Worthington Biochemicals, #8736) Lysozyme(chicken egg white) (Sigma Product #L 6876, CAS 12650-88-3)Sherwin-Williams Acrylic Latex paint 15 mL plastic test tubes

TABLE 7 Equipment Paint spreader (1-8 mil) Polypropylene blocks LightninLabmaster Mixer Rotator shaker Pipetter and tips Klett-SumersonColorimeter (Filter D35: 540 nm)

The reagents prepared included a Micrococcus cell suspension comprising9 mg M. lysodeikticus in 25 mL sodium phosphate buffer, and a lysozymesolution comprising a 5 mg/mL stock solution.

The paint formulations that were prepared included a Sherwin-WilliamsAcrylic Latex Control (no additive), and a Sherwin-Williams AcrylicLatex comprising 1 mg/mL lysozyme. Each paint was mixed with a glassstirring rod and a paint mixer. Each film was immediately drawn ontopolypropylene surfaces with a thickness of 8 mil. Cure time was 120 hrs.The Sherwin-Williams Acrylic Latex comprising a lysozyme wet paint wassealed and shelf stored at ambient temperature. After 48 hrs in-canstorage, films were drawn onto polypropylene surfaces with a thicknessof 8 mils and were allowed to cure 72 hrs prior to assay. Materials forassay were generated from the polypropylene surface as a 2 cm² (1×2 cm)free film.

The assay procedure included placing individual films into labeled 15 mLtubes. 24 hours prior to addition of Micrococcus lysodeikticus cellsuspension, 5 mL KPO₄ buffer was added to the 24-hour control and couponcomprising a lysozyme tube, as well as one tube comprising 41 μglysozyme solution (positive control) and one tube comprising 5 mL of theM. lysodeikticus cell suspension (negative control). These tubes wereplaced on the shaker for 24 hrs.

2 hours prior to addition of M. lysodeikticus, 5 mL potassium phosphatebuffer was added to the 2-hour control and lysozyme tubes eachcomprising a coupon, as well as one tube comprising 41 μg lysozymesolution (positive control) and one tube comprising 5 mL of the M.lysodeikticus cell suspension (negative control). These tubes wereplaced on the shaker for 2 hrs.

1 hour prior to addition of M. lysodeikticus cell suspension, 5 mLpotassium phosphate buffer was added to 1-hour control and couponcomprising a lysozyme tubes, as well as one tube comprising 41 μglysozyme solution (positive control) and one tube comprising 5 mL of theM. lysodeikticus cell suspension (negative control). These tubes wereplaced on the shaker for one hour.

The paint coupons were then transferred from each tube to a secondreaction tube. 5 mL of the M. lysodeikticus cell suspension was added toboth film and KPO₄ buffer incubation buffer. The tubes were placed onthe rotating shaker horizontally and shaken for approximately 4 hours,at which time each tube was measured in a Klett-Summerson PhotoelectricColorimeter to determine opacity.

TABLE 8 Assessment of lysis and enzyme leaching (free film) after 1, 2and 24 hr, relative to the internal control (i.e., the no lysozymefilms). Replicate 1 Replicate 2 Average Cell lysis Cell lysis Replicate3 Cell Lysis Formulation Time (hrs) KU (dKU) KU (dKU) KU Cell lysis(dKU) KU (dKU) KPO₄ Buffer Control  1 hr 110  0%  90  0% 104  0% 101  0%Lysozyme  1 hr  62 39%  42 59%  52 49%  52 49% Control  2 hr  92  0% 102 0% 106  0% 100  0% Lysozyme  2 hr  74 26%  65 35%  65 35%  68 32%Control 24 hr  95  0%  95  0%  92  0%  94  0% Lysozyme 24 hr  80 15%  6234%  55 41%  66 30% Film Control  1 hr 64  0%  54  0% 38  0%  52  0%Lysozyme  1 hr  3 94%  40 23%  4 92%  16 81% Control  2 hr 63  0%  73 0% 72  0%  69  0% Lysozyme  2 hr 10 86%  23 67% 45 35%  26 54% Control24 hr 65  0%  65  0% 68  0%  66  0% Lysozyme 24 hr 30 55%  52 21% 52 21% 45 32% KU = Klett Unit measure of turbidity at 540 nm

At the three time points assayed, lysozyme leached out of films thatcomprised a lysozyme. The ability of the films comprising a lysozyme tolyse M. lysodeikticus was inversely related to the time the coupon wassubmerged. Over the first 2 hrs the films lost approximately 21%±3% ofthe lytic activity per hour. This loss decreased substantially over thefollowing 22 hrs, with the loss slowing to approximately 300 per hour.After 24 hours of liquid submersion, approximately one-third of theactivity of a coupon comprising a lysozyme was retained. Thoughreduction of activity due to leaching may continue, activity may also bepermanently retained in the films. The total percentage lysis by couponand buffer pairs decreased with increasing leaching time.

Example 3: This Example demonstrate selection method for selecting abiomolecule composition as an antibiological agent for use in a materialformulation prior to curing, by detection of bioactivity in the materialformulation after undergoing a curing process.

As the bioactivity of a candidate antibiological agent must survivewithin a material formulation pre-curing (e.g., a thermoset plasticprior to solidification, a coating during in-can storage prior to filmformation, etc.) for that bioactivity to be detectable after curing inthe material formulation, it is contemplated that any assay for activity(e.g., enzymatic activity, antibacterial activity, anti-metabolicactivity, etc.) described herein or as would be known to one of ordinaryskill in the art for cured material formulation (e.g., a film producedfrom a cured coating, etc.) may be used to identify candidateantibiological agent for the pre-cured material formulation (e.g., acoating during in-can storage, etc.).

Example 4: This Example demonstrates the surface efficacy of paint filmscomprising a lysozyme in actively lyse M. lysodeikticus in a minimallyhydrated environment. Materials, reagents and equipment used are shownin the tables below.

TABLE 9 Materials and Reagents 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.4Micrococcus lysodeikticus (Worthington Biochemicals, #8736) Lysozyme(chicken egg white) (Sigma Product #L 6876, CAS 12650-88-3)Sherwin-Williams Acrylic Latex paint 15 mL plastic test tubes

TABLE 10 Equipment Paint spreader (1-8 mil) Polypropylene blocksLightnin Labmaster Mixer Rotator shaker Pipetter and tips Klett-SumersonColorimeter (Filter D35: 540 nm)

The reagents prepared included a Micrococcus cell suspension comprising9 mg Micrococcus lysodeikticus in 25 mL sodium phosphate buffer, and alysozyme solution comprising a 5 mg/mL stock solution.

The paint formulations prepared for the assay included aSherwin-Williams Acrylic Latex Control (no additive), and aSherwin-Williams Acrylic Latex with 1 mg/mL lysozyme. Each paint wasmixed with a glass stirring rod and a paint mixer. Each film wasimmediately drawn onto polypropylene surfaces with a thickness of 8 mil.Cure time was 72 hrs. Assay materials were generated from thepolypropylene surface as a 2 cm² (1×2 cm) free film.

The assay procedure included placing individual coupons into separatePetri dishes. Each set of control coupons and coupons comprising alysozyme was assayed in triplicate. Two controls were set up for thisexperiment: a M. lysodeikticus suspension control comprising 90 μL 20mg/mL M. lysodeikticus cell suspension that was pipetted into a petridish; and a 1 mg/mL lysozyme control comprising 40.64 μL 1 mg/mLlysozyme solution (an amount approximately equal to the amount oflysozyme in the 2 cm² coupon comprising a lysozyme) that was pipettedinto a petri dish. M. lysodeikticus cell suspension was distributed ontothe surface of each individual coupon in a minimal volume (90 μL). Petridishes were kept on a flat surface. After 4 hours, KPO₄ buffer was addedto all samples to recover the unlysed portion of the M. lysodeikticuscell suspension. The suspension was removed from each dish with apipette and placed into individual test tubes. Each suspension was readin the Klett-Summerson Photoelectric Colorimeter, using potassiumphosphate buffer as a control.

TABLE 11 Surface Efficacy of Films comprising lysozyme in a lowhydration environment. Replicate 1 Replicate 2 Replicate 3 Average CellCell Cell Cell Formulation KU* lysis KU lysis KU lysis KU LysisSuspension/Solution Controls M. lysodeikticus 80 Lysozyme 10 S-W AcrylicLatex Control Films 75  6% 70 13% 78  3% 74  7% Lysozyme Films 35 56% 1976% 31 61% 28 65% *KU = Klett units, measure of turbidity at 540 nm.

The paint comprising a lysozyme contacted with 0.18 mg of a M.lysodeikticus suspension for 4 hours lysed 65%±10% of the Micrococcuscells, compared to only 7%±5% of cells lysed by the paint controls. Thisdemonstrated that lysozyme can function in the low water (i.e., aminimally hydrated) environment of a coating. It is contemplated that abiological assay including a spray application of an assay organismwould also demonstrate biostatic and/or biocidal activity.

Example 5: This Example demonstrates the effectiveness of lysozyme inlysing the bacterium Micrococcus lysodeikticus. M. lysodeikticus wasused as a lysozyme substrate in a liquid suspension in the assay. Theassay measured the rate of decrease in the absorbance as a relativemeasure of the amount/availability/activity of a lysozyme present in amaterial. As cell lysis occurs, the turbidity of a cell suspensiondecreased, and therefore, the absorbance of a cell suspension decreased.Materials and reagents that were used are shown in the table below.

TABLE 12 Materials and Reagents 2M sodium phosphate buffer (NaH₂PO₄), pH6.4, or Tris-HCL Buffer, pH 7.0 Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell(Worthington Biochemicals, #8736) Lysozyme (chicken egg white) (SigmaProduct #L 6876, CAS 12650-88-3) 96-well plate Thermo Multiskan AscentPlate Reader Pipettes and Pipetteman Microtubes

The reagents that were prepared included a M. lysodeikticus cellsuspension comprising 9 mg M. lysodeikticus in 25 mL sodium phosphatebuffer, and a lysozyme solution comprising a 5 mg/mL stock solution.

The assay procedure included diluting the lysozyme stock solution withbuffer to create the following samples: 5 mg/mL (undiluted); 2.5 mg/mL;1 mg/mL; 0.5 mg/mL; 0.1 mg/mL; 0.05 mg/mL; 0.01 mg/mL; 0.005 mg/mL;0.001 mg/mL; 0.0005 mg/mL; 0.0001 mg/mL; and 0.00005 mg/mL. Controlsamples included: 3 replicates of 200 μL M. lysodeikticus cellsuspension and 3 replicates of 200 μL buffer that were pipetted into 6wells total in a 96-well microplate. A 194 μL Micrococcus cellsuspension was pipetted into 3 rows of 12 wells each. 6 μL of eachlysozyme concentration assayed was then added to the M. lysodeikticuscell suspension using a multi-pipette and mixed. The plate wasimmediately placed into the Thermo Multiskan Ascent Plate Reader; eachwell was read every 10 seconds for 30 minutes to determine theabsorbance at 450 nm.

TABLE 13 Lysis of M. lysodeikticus (Ml) over a concentration range oflysozyme Lysozyme Time Ml lysed (mg × 10⁻³) Abs (sec) dAbs dAbs/sec (mg× 10⁻⁶)/sec 0.01 0.37 1800 0.015 8.33 × 10⁻⁶ 1.6 0.02 0.35 1800 0.0351.94 × 10⁻⁵ 3.6 0.1 0.31 1800 0.075 4.17 × 10⁻⁵ 7.8 0.2 0.22 1800 0.1659.17 × 10⁻⁵ 17.1 1 0.275 300 0.11 3.67 × 10⁻⁴ 68.6 2 0.13 520 0.255  4.9× 10⁻⁴ 91.7 10 0.26 2 0.125 6.25 × 10⁻² 11688.3 20 0.23 2 0.155 7.75 ×10⁻² 14493.5 100 0.165 2 0.22  1.1 × 10⁻¹ 20571.4

TABLE 14 Summary of Activity Abs 0.38 [Ml] 0.36 mg/ml Vol 0.2 ml 0.187dmg/dOD Rate 0.047 dmg Ml/sec/mg lysozyme

The results for the lysozyme assay under the conditions as described: 1mg of lysozyme was able to lyse 0.047 mg of M. lysodeikticus per sec.The lysozyme was effective in lysing M. lysodeikticus cells, and theseresults were consistent under both conditions evaluated (Tris vsNaH₂PO₄)

Example 6: This Example demonstrates the ability of a chymotrypsin tosurvive the incorporation process into a coating and demonstrateschymotrypsin activity in a coating environment. A chymotrypsin free filmassay was used for determining the activity of chymotrypsin, as measuredby ester hydrolysis (esterase) activity of a p-nitrophenyl acetatesubstrate, in free-films using a plate reader. A functioning vent hoodwas used for the assay when appropriate for material handling. ASherwin-Williams Acrylic Latex paint was used. Equipment and reagentsthat were used are shown in the tables below.

TABLE 15 Equipment Plate Reader 2 ml microtubes

TABLE 16 Reagents α-Chymotrypsin from bovine pancreas, Type II (SigmaCat# C4129) 4-Nitrophenyl acetate, MW 181.15 (Sigma Cat# N8130) Trizmabase (Sigma Cat# T1503)

Sample preparation included: 14.5 mM p-nitrophenyl acetate (66 mg/25 ml)in isopropyl alcohol, and 200 mM TRIS; pH 7.1 (adjust to pH 7.1 withHCl).

The paint formulations that were prepared included a Sherwin-WilliamsAcrylic Latex control (no additive), and a Sherwin-Williams AcrylicLatex comprising 200 mg/mL α-Chymotrypsin. Each paint was mixed with aglass stirring rod and a paint mixer. Each film was immediately drawnonto polypropylene surfaces with a thickness of 8 mil. Cure time was 24days. Materials for assay were generated from the polypropylene surfaceas 1 cm², 2 cm² and 3 cm² free films.

The plate reader assay comprised: cutting free films into appropriatesize pieces; adding 600 μL double distilled H₂O (“ddH₂O”) into a 2 mlmicrotube; then adding 750 μL 200 mM TRIS to each microtube; adding 150μL of 14.5 mM p-nitrophenyl acetate to each tube; and taking the 0 timesample, then adding the free film to the tube (control sample is freefilm with no chymotrypsin).

The analysis included: taking out 100 μl and reading the absorbance at405 nm, at the appropriate time points; and determining the initial rateslope by plotting absorbance vs. time to calculate chymotrypsinactivity.

TABLE 17A Absorbance at 405 nm Chymotrypsin in Sherwin-Williams AcrylicLatex Time Blank 3 cm X 1 cm Control  0 0.0480 0.0429 0.0446 0.04800.0429 0.0446 15 0.0482 0.0489 0.0479 0.0518 0.0541 0.0541 30 0.05710.0558 0.0555 0.0596 0.0612 0.0609 45 0.0608 0.0617 0.0617 0.0679 0.07090.0690 60 0.0683 0.0690 0.0679 0.0773 0.0826 0.0781 Slope 0.0004 0.00040.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0005

TABLE 17B Absorbance at 405 nm Chymotrypsin in Sherwin-Williams AcrylicLatex Time 3 cm X 1 cm Enzyme 2 cm X 1 cm Enzyme  0 0.0480 0.0429 0.04460.0480 0.0429 0.0446 15 0.2364 0.2356 0.2347 0.1690 0.1801 0.1749 300.4504 0.4375 0.4208 0.3040 0.3149 0.3172 45 0.6395 0.6267 0.6441 0.43480.4579 0.4474 60 0.8358 0.7957 0.7970 0.5682 0.5942 0.5930 Slope 0.01320.0126 0.0128 0.0087 0.0092 0.0091

TABLE 17C Absorbance at 405 nm Chymotrypsin in Sherwin-Williams AcrylicLatex Time 1 cm × 1 cm Enzyme 0 0.0480 0.0429 0.0446 15 0.1156 0.11550.1164 30 0.1886 0.1932 0.1872 45 0.2688 0.2745 0.2684 60 0.3427 0.34790.3578 Slope 0.0050 0.0051 0.0052

TABLE 18A Absorbance Averages Chymotrypsin in Sherwin-Williams AcrylicLatex Absorbance Average Control Chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin ChymotrypsinTime Blank 3 cm² 3 cm² 2 cm² 1 cm² 0 0.0452 0.0452 0.0452 0.0452 0.045215 0.0483 0.0533 0.2356 0.1747 0.1158 30 0.0561 0.0606 0.4362 0.31200.1897 45 0.0614 0.0693 0.6368 0.4467 0.2706 60 0.0684 0.0793 0.80950.5851 0.3495

TABLE 18B Absorbance Averages Standard Deviations Chymotrypsin inSherwin-Williams Acrylic Latex AbsorbanceStandard Deviation ControlChymotrypsin Chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin Time Blank 3 cm² 3 cm² 2 cm² 1cm² 0 0.0026 0.0026 0.0026 0.0026 0.0026 15 0.0005 0.0013 0.0009 0.00560.0005 30 0.0009 0.0009 0.0148 0.0071 0.0031 45 0.0005 0.0015 0.00900.0116 0.0034 60 0.0006 0.0029 0.0228 0.0147 0.0077

TABLE 19 Absorbance vs. Time Slope Slope U Sample (A/min) (umol/min) UAverage U Deviation Blank 0.0004 0.0776 0.09 0.01 0.0004 0.0949 0.00040.0881 Control 3 cm² 0.0005 0.1090 0.12 0.02 0.0006 0.1404 0.0005 0.1195Chymotrypsin 3 0.0132 2.8876 2.82 0.06 cm² 0.0126 2.7679 0.0128 2.7935Chymotrypsin 2 0.0087 1.9062 1.97 0.06 cm² 0.0092 2.0145 0.0091 1.9983Chymotrypsin 1 0.0050 1.0837 1.11 0.03 cm² 0.0051 1.1222 0.0052 1.1359

A chymotrypsin in Sherwin-Williams Acrylic Latex was able to hydrolyzethe model substrate at rate 20× faster than the control. The testcoupons demonstrate a dose response which corresponds to a hydrolyticcapacity of 0.86 μmol/min/cm², as formulated in this demonstration.

Quality control included reading and become familiar with the operatinginstructions for equipment used in the analysis. Operating instructionsand preventive maintenance records were placed near the relevantequipment, and kept in a labeled central binder in the work area.Working solutions which are out of date or prepared incorrectly weredisposed of and not used.

Safety procedures and precautions included wearing a full lengthlaboratory coat; and not eating, drinking, smoking, use of tobaccoproducts or application of cosmetics near the procedure. Consumables anddisposable items that come in contact with or are used in conjunctionwith samples disposal were in the proper hazard containers. Thisincludes, but is not limited to, pipette tips, bench-top absorbentpaper, diapers, KimWipes™, test tubes, etc. Biohazard containers wereconsidered full when their contents reach three-quarters of the way tothe top of the bag or box. Bench-top biohazard bags were placed into alarge biohazard burn box when full. Biohazard containers were not filledto overflowing. Biohazard bags were disposed of by closing withautoclave tape, and autoclaving immediately. Spills and spatters wereimmediately cleaned from durable surfaces by applying 70% ethanol (forbacteriological spills) to the spill, followed by wiping or blotting.All equipment used in sample analyses were wiped down on a daily basisor whenever tests were performed. Absorbent pads were placed undersamples when useful. Hands were washed with antibacterial soap beforeexiting the room, when a test was finished, and before the end of theday. The Material Safety Data Sheet (“MSDS”) applicable to each chemicalwas read. MSDS documents have been prominently posted in the laboratory.During a fire alarm during laboratory operations, evacuation procedureswere followed. Nitrile protective gloves were worn whenever handlingorganophosphates. All organophosphate waste was disposed of properly.

Example 7: This Example demonstrates the ability of a cellulase tosurvive the incorporation process into a coating and demonstratescellulase activity in a coating environment. A Glidden Latex paint wasused. A plate reader was used to assay a free-film comprising acellulase for the enzyme's activity. Equipment and reagents that wereused are shown in the table below.

TABLE 20 Equipment and Reagents Equipment Plate Reader Reagents SodiumAcetate (Sigma Cat# S8625) 4-Nitrophenyl β-D-cellobioside (Sigma Cat#N5759) Cellulase (TCI Cat# C0057) Sodium Hydroxide

Sample preparation included: 14.5 mM 4-Nitrophenyl β-D-cellobioside inddH₂O; 50 mM sodium acetate buffer; pH 5.0 (adjust to pH 5.0 with HCl);and 2 N NaOH in ddH₂O.

The plate reader assay comprised: placing free films into 2 mlmicrotubes; add 1.2 ml 50 mM sodium acetate buffer, 0.15 ml 14.5 mM4-Nitrophenyl β-D-cellobioside and 0.15 ml ddH₂O, in the 2 ml microtube;placing tubes on rocker; taking out 100 μl from the tubes into a 96-wellplate at desired time points; adding 200 μl of 2 N NaOH and reading theabsorbance at 405 nm; and determining the initial rate slope by plottingabsorbance vs. time to calculate cellulase activity.

The paint formulations that were prepared included a Sherwin-WilliamsAcrylic Latex control (no additive), and a Sherwin-Williams AcrylicLatex comprising 100 g/gal, 200 g/gal and 300 g/gal cellulase. Eachpaint was mixed with a glass stirring rod and a paint mixer. Each filmwas immediately drawn onto polypropylene surfaces with a thickness of 8mil. Cure time was 24 hrs. Materials for assay were generated from thepolypropylene surface as a 3 cm² free film.

TABLE 21A Glidden Latex Cellulase Free Films-Dose Response-pNPAbsorbance at 405 nm Time (min) Blank Control 100 g/gal  0  0.0600 0.0600 0.0600 0.0600 0.0600 0.0600 0.0600  30  0.0496  0.0588 0.04880.0476 0.0744 0.0753 0.0716  60  0.0496  0.0605 0.0505 0.0532 0.09750.1158 0.1007 120  0.0507  0.0519 0.0522 0.0514 0.1691 0.1823 0.1672 180 0.0550  0.0643 0.0583 0.0511 0.2351 0.2312 0.2073 240  0.0512  0.06140.0518 0.0548 0.2876 0.2919 0.2720 300  0.0491  0.0574 0.0601 0.05750.3187 0.3123 0.3083 360  0.0528  0.0680 0.0540 0.0655 0.3322 0.32150.3309 Slope −0.0001 −0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0009 0.0011 0.0009 (A/min)

TABLE 21B Glidden Latex Cellulase Free Films-Dose Response-pNPAbsorbance at 405 nm Time (min) 200 g/gal 300 g/gal  0 0.0600 0.06000.0600 0.0600 0.0600 0.0600  30 0.0986 0.0866 0.0927 0.1207 0.11700.1146  60 0.1387 0.1341 0.1432 0.1637 0.1711 0.1670 120 0.2285 0.22190.2364 0.2864 0.2685 0.2965 180 0.2891 0.2740 0.3071 0.3304 0.32620.3833 240 0.3174 0.3281 0.3270 0.3543 0.3638 0.4118 300 0.3449 0.34670.3511 0.3759 0.3891 0.4051 360 0.3714 0.3588 0.3632 0.3808 0.39640.3651 Slope 0.0014 0.0014 0.0015 0.0019 0.0017 0.0020 (A/min)

TABLE 22A Glidden Latex Cellulase Free Films - Dose Response - pNPAbsorbance at 405 nm Averages Average Time 100 200 300 (min) BlankControl g/gal g/gal g/gal 0 0.0600 0.0600 0.0600 0.0600 0.0600 30 0.04960.0517 0.0738 0.0926 0.1189 60 0.0496 0.0547 0.1047 0.1387 0.1674 1200.0507 0.0518 0.1729 0.2289 0.2775 180 0.0550 0.0579 0.2245 0.29010.3283 240 0.0512 0.0560 0.2838 0.3242 0.3591 300 0.0491 0.0583 0.31310.3476 0.3825 360 0.0528 0.0625 0.3282 0.3645 0.3886

TABLE 22B Glidden Latex Cellulase Free Films- Dose Response-pNPAbsorbance at 405 nm Averages′ Deviations Deviation Time 100 200 300(min) Control g/gal g/gal g/gal 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 30 0.00610.0019 0.0060 0.0026 60 0.0052 0.0098 0.0046 0.0052 120 0.0004 0.00820.0073 0.0127 180 0.0066 0.0151 0.0166 0.0030 240 0.0049 0.0105 0.00590.0067 300 0.0015 0.0052 0.0032 0.0093 360 0.0075 0.0058 0.0064 0.0110

A cellulase in a Glidden Latex was able to hydrolyze the model substrateat a rate approximately 100× faster than the control. Quality controland safety procedures were as described in Example 6.

Example 8: This Example demonstrates preparation of technical paperscoated with a latex coating comprising an antimicrobial enzyme additive,an antimicrobial peptide additive, or a combination thereof. Theadditives may be embedded in the coating. The antimicrobial enzymeadditive comprised lysozyme, and the antimicrobial peptide additivecomprised ProteCoat® (Reactive Surfaces, Ltd.; also described in U.S.patent application Ser. Nos. 10/884,355; 11/368,086; and Ser. No.11/865,514, each incorporated by reference). Materials that were usedare shown in the tables below.

TABLE 23 Materials 30 mM Potassium Phosphate Buffer, was prepared byweighing out 416 mg of potassium phosphate into 2 × 50 mL conical tubes,and adding 50 mL of water to each tube. Micrococcus Iysodeikticus(Worthington Biochemicals, #8736), was pre- pared by weighing out 18 mgof Micrococcus into a single 50 mL conical tube, adding KP0₄ buffer to50 mLs, and mixing by inversion. Lysozyme from chicken egg white (SigmaProduct #L 6876; CAS no. 12650-88-3), was prepared by weighing out 1 g,0.5 g and 0.1 g lysozyme into 3 × 2 mL eppendorf tubes. Dilute AceticAcid Solution was prepared by measuring 1 mL of glacial acetic acid into11 mLs of water into a 15 mL conical tube, and adding 50 μl of thedilute acetic acid to 1 mL of water. ProteCoat ® was used at 125 mgProteCoat ® per g coating, dispensed as 250 mg ProteCoat ®, andresuspended in 2 mL dilute acetic acid solution as appropriate. 5 × 15mL conical tubes, glass stir rod P1000 and P200 Pipetteman and Tips 5 ×15 mL conical tubes

Paint formulations comprising enzyme were prepared as follows: 1 glysozyme per 100 g coating; 0.5 g lysozyme per 100 g coating; 0.19lysozyme per 100 g coating; and a negative control (no additive). Paintformulations comprising a peptide additive were prepared as follows: 125mg ProteCoat® per 1 g coating; 250 mg ProteCoat® per 1 g coating; 375 mgProteCoat® per 1 g coating; or a negative control (no additive). Paintformulations comprising peptide and lysozyme were prepared as follows:375 mg ProteCoat® per 1 g lysozyme (1 g) coating; 250 mg ProteCoat® per1 g lysozyme (0.5 g) coating; 375 mg ProteCoat® per 1 g lysozyme (0.1 g)coating, and a negative Control (no additive). All paint formulationswere mixed well. The paper was cut into quarters, coatings drawn ontopaper surfaces with a spreader, and wet weight determined. The coatedpaper was dried at about 37.8° C. for approximately 10 min, and dryweight determined.

A single coating material and one paper stock was evaluated. The papercomprised celluosic fibers typically used in technical paperapplications, and had an acrylic latex coating added to the fibers.

TABLE 24 Coating dry components added to paper Ingredient % Dry WeightKaolin Clay (filler/pigment) About 0.000000001% to about 90% TitaniumDioxide (pigment) About 0.000000001% to about 90% Calcium Carbonate(filler/pigment) About 0.000000001% to about 90% Acrylic Latex (Binder)About 0.000000001% to about 80%

To prepare the antimicrobial paper (“AM-Paper”), the antimicrobialadditives were formulated for each coating on percentage dry weight tostandardize the coating for comparison. The antimicrobial additives arelisted in the table below.

TABLE 25 Formulation details for antimicrobial papers Additive Final DryAdditive Antimicrobial Designation Formulation Weight (gsm) (%) Control17.6 None 21 None Enzymatic A Powder 21.9  0.2% B Powder 19.4   1% CPowder 23.2   2% D Suspension 23  0.2% E Suspension 23   1% F Suspension20.7   2% ProteCoat ® G Suspension 18.6   1% H Powder 23.9  2.5% ISuspension 20.6  0.5% J Powder 20.9 1.25% K Powder 20.9 0.25% L Powder20.7 0.75% Enzyme + ProteCoat ® Powder 22.5 2% + 0.5%  Powder 21.9 1% +0.25%

The antimicrobial additives were weighed out, added to pre-weighedcoating suspensions and mixed by hand for 10 to 20 minutes. Aftermixing, the coating was applied by draw down, in which approximately 3-5mL of coating was applied along one 8.5″ edge of an 8.5″×11″ pre-weighedpaper, and then spread evenly over the surface of the paper with acalibrated rod by drawing the rod down the full length of the paper. Thecoated paper was then placed into a 100C oven for 10 to 15 minutes todry. After drying, the coated paper was weighed to determine the amountof coating on each sheet.

To conduct an assay to qualitatively assess antimicrobial activity, apaper strip of approximately 1 cm×5 cm was cut from the control and eachantimicrobial paper. 5 mL of the M. lysodeikticus suspension was pouredinto each of 4×15 mL conical tubes. The prepared strip was dropped intothe suspension, and mixed occasionally by inversion. Clearing changeswere observed.

Example 9: This Example demonstrates and provides a standardspectrophotometric assay procedure for lysozyme activity in a platereader. Equipment and reagents that were used are shown in the tablebelow.

TABLE 26 Equipment and Reagents Equipment Thermo Multiskan Ascent PlateReader 96-well assay plates Multi-channels and single-channel pipettesand tips Reagents Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride(Tris-HCI): [Sigma, cat # T3253, Molecular Formula: NH₂C(CH₂OH)₃•HCI,Molecular Weight: 157.60, CAS Number 1185-53-1, pKa (25° C.) 8.1]Micrococcus Iysodeikticus cell (Worthington Biochemicals, cat #8736)Lysozyme: chicken egg white, Sigma cat #L6876; 50,000 U/mg; CAS12650-88-3; molecular weight: 14.3 kD; solubility (H₂O) 10 mg/mL;stability-1 month at 2-8° C. Standard: 25 μI of a 500,000 units (10mg)/mL (10 mM Tris-HCI) will typically lyse E. coli from >1 mL ofculture media cell pellet resuspended in 350 μl buffer (10 mM Tris HCI,pH 8.0, with 0.1 M NaCI, 1 mM EDTA, and 5% [w/v] Triton X-100). Typicalincubation conditions for lysis are 30 min at 37° C.

Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell suspension was made by adding 9 mgMicrococcus lysodeikticus to 25 mL 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 and mixingwell. Lysozyme solution was prepared by adding 10 mg lysozyme in 1 mL 10mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, and mixing well. Reaction buffer was 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, with an alternative reaction buffer being 0.1 M KPO₄ pH6.4.

A standard curve of the M. lysodeikticus was prepared. The lysozymestock solution was diluted with the reaction buffer to create thefollowing series: 10 mg/mL (undiluted); 5.0 mg/mL; 2.5 mg/mL; 1 mg/mL;0.5 mg/mL; 0.1 mg/mL; 0.05 mg/mL; 0.01 mg/mL; 0.005 mg/mL; 0.001 mg/mL;0.0005 mg/mL; 0.0001 mg/mL, and 0 mg/mL. The controls included 3replicates of 194 μL M. lysodeikticus cell suspension plus 6 μL buffer;and 3 replicates of 200 μL buffer.

Analysis of samples included determining activity by monitoring theclearing of the cell suspension at 570 nm and determining the best fitto a standard curve. For a 200 μL assay, 180 μL M. lysodeikticus inreaction buffer was added to each well 1 to 12 of 3 rows. The reactionwas started by adding 20 μL of each lysozyme dilution to each well inthe triplicate series. The plate was immediately placed into the reader,and the changes in absorbance at 570 nm (OD₅₇₀) recorded. The number ofreads may be 10-20 with second intervals. The plate reader's velocitytable contained data for reaction rate in mOD/min. This assay can bescaled by increasing each suspension proportionately (e.g., a 2 mLreaction is used for material strip analysis).

Analysis of the data included calculating the initial velocities for therecorded slopes: [mODs40/min]/[slope standard curve (mOD/mg M.lysodeikticus]/[Iysozyme].

TABLE 27 Assay Standardization Coupon Size None Test OrganismMicrococcus lysodeikticus Contamination level 2.5 × 10⁸ cells/mL AssayTime 4 hr

TABLE 28 Standardization of Assay [Lysozyme], (μg/mL)^(a) OD₅₇₀ % Lysis0 0.3 0.00 0.78 0.26 13.33 1.56 0.07 76.67 3.13 0.02 93.33 6.25 0.00598.33 12.5 0.005 98.33 25 0.011 96.33 50 0.065 78.33 ^(a)μg/mL = ppm

The M. lysodeikticus assay as described can detect lytic activity downto the fractional to low ppm range. The rate of lysis, in suspension, is32R (about 8.0×10⁷ cells) of the M. lysodeikticus suspension per glysozyme.

Example 10: This Example demonstrates a spectrophotometric assay forantimicrobial paper with a lytic additive. Lysozyme was used as thelytic additive. Equipment and reagents that were used are shown in thetable below.

TABLE 29 Equipment and Reagents Equipment Spectrophotometer ThermoMultiskan Ascent Plate Reader) Cuvettes (96-well assay plates)Multi-channels and single-channel pipettes and tips ReagentsTris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCI): [Sigma, cat#T3253, Molecular Formula: NH₂C(CH₂OH)₃•HCI, Molecular Weight: 157.60,CAS Number 1185-53-1, pKa (25° C.) 8.1] Micrococcus Iysodeikticus cell(Worthington Biochemicals, cat #8736) Lysozyme: chicken egg white, Sigmacat #L6876; 50,000 U/mg; CAS 12650-88-3; molecular weight: 14.3 kD;solubility (H₂O) 10 mg/mL; stability-1 month at 2-8° C. Standard: 250 ofa 500,000 units (10 mg)/mL (10 mM Tris-HCI) will typically lyse E. colifrom >1 mL of culture media cell pellet resuspended in 350 μl buffer (10mM Tris HCI, pH 8.0, with 0.1 M NaCI, 1 mM EDTA, and 5% [w/v] TritonX-100). Typical incubation conditions for lysis are 30 min at 37° C.

Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell suspension was made by adding 9 mg M.lysodeikticus to 25 mL 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 and mixing well. Lysozymesolution was prepared by adding 10 mg lysozyme in 1 mL 10 mM Tris-HCl,pH 8.0, and mixing well. Reaction buffer was 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0,with an alternative reaction buffer being 0.1 M KPO₄ pH 6.4.Antimicrobial paper coated with a coating comprising lysozyme andcontrol paper was prepared in accordance with Example 8.

A standard curve of the M. lysodeikticus was prepared. The lysozymestock solution was diluted with the reaction buffer to create thefollowing series: 10 mg/mL (undiluted); 5.0 mg/mL; 2.5 mg/mL; 1 mg/mL;0.5 mg/mL; 0.1 mg/mL; 0.05 mg/mL; 0.01 mg/mL; 0.005 mg/mL; 0.001 mg/mL;0.0005 mg/mL; 0.0001 mg/mL and 0 mg/ml. The controls included 3replicates of 194 L M. lysodeikticus cell suspension plus 6 μL buffer;and 3 replicates of 200 μL buffer. Pipet tips used fitted the pipette(e.g., multichannel pipettes). The liquid level was correct in the tips,as air bubbles, etc may alter volume. Quality control and safetyprocedures were as described in Example 6.

Antimicrobial paper was cut into appropriately sized strips from boththe antimicrobial and control paper. For a 5 mL assay in a 15 mL tube,standard sizes included 5×10 mm, 5×20 mm, and 5×40 mm. These stripscould be combined to provide a desired step series.

Analysis of samples included determining activity by monitoring theclearing of the cell suspension at OD₅₇₀ and determining the best fit toa standard curve. For a 5 mL assay, M. lysodeikticus was added inreaction buffer to an OD₆₀₀ of 0.5. The reaction was started with theaddition of the stripes. The tubes were immediately placed at 28° C. fora designated time (e.g., 4 hr and 24 hr). The absorbance at 570 nm wasrecorded.

Analysis of the data included calculating the initial velocities for therecorded slopes: [OD₆₀₀ min]/[slope standard curve (OD/mg M.lysodeikticus]/[Iysozyme]

Example 11: This Example demonstrates a biological assay forantimicrobial activity of paper strips comprising an antimicrobialenzyme additive against a microorganism. The antimicrobial enzymeadditive comprised lysozyme, the microorganism used was vegetative,gram-positive M. lysodeikticus. The assay was adapted from ASTM02020-92, Method A, Standard Test for Mildew (Fungus) Resistance ofPaper and Paperboard (Reapproved 2003). Equipment and reagents that wereused are shown in the table below.

TABLE 30 Equipment and Reagents Equipment: Petri Plates Reagents:Nutrient Yeast Extract (NBY) NBY Soft Agar Lysozyme: chicken egg white,Sigma cat #L6876; 50,000 U/mg; CAS 12650-88-3; molecular weight: 14.3kD; solubility (H₂O) 10 mg/mL; stability-1 month at 2-8° C. Standard: 25μI of a 500,000 units (10 mg)/mL (10 mM Tris-HCI) will typically lyse E.coli from >1 mL of culture media cell pellet resuspended in 350 μlbuffer (10 mM Tris HCI, pH 8.0, with 0.1 M NaCI, 1 mM EDTA, and 5% [w/v]Triton X-100). Typical incubation conditions for lysis are 30 min at 37°C.

Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell suspension was made by adding 9 mgMicrococcus lysodeikticus to NBY and mixing well, with OD₆₀₀ about 0.5.Antimicrobial paper coated with a latex coating comprising lysozyme andcontrol paper was prepared in accordance with Example 8.

The assay include cutting appropriated sized strips of bothantimicrobial and control papers (e.g., a. 10×10 mm, 20×20 mm, 40×40 mm,or 50×50 mm). 100 μL of the prepared M. lysodeikticus suspension wastransferred to 15 mL tube containing 5 mL NBY Soft Agar, held molten at55° C., and mixed well. Pipet tips used fitted the pipette (e.g.,multichannel pipettes). The liquid level was correct in the tips, as airbubbles, etc may alter volume. The mixture was immediately poured over aprepared sterile agar plate, rotating the dish to completely cover theagar with the M. lysodeikticus overlay. The dish was covered and allowedto solidify on level surface. The prepared antimicrobial paper(s) wereplaced (face down) on the soft agar overlay. Coupon(s) up to 20×20 mmwere able to be paired with a control on a single petri dish. The disheswere left at 28° C. overnight, and visually evaluated for a zone ofclearance around the antimicrobial coupon(s) relative to the control.Quality control and safety procedures were as described in Example 6.

Example 12: This Example demonstrates a biological assay for theantimicrobial activity of a paper strip comprising ProteCoat® againstfungal spores. The assay was adapted from ASTM 02020-92, Method A,Standard Test for Mildew (Fungus) Resistance of Paper and Paperboard(Reapproved 2003). Equipment and reagents that were used are shown inthe table below.

TABLE 31 Equipment and reagents Equipment: Petri Plates IncubatorAutoclave

TABLE 31 Equipment and reagents Preval Sprayer Reagents: Nutrient YeastExtract (NBY) NBY Soft Agar Micrococcus Iysodeikticus cell (WorthingtonBiochemicals, cat #8736) ProteCoat ® was used at 125 mg ProteCoat ® perg coating, dispensed as 250 mg ProteCoat ®, and resuspended in 2 mLdilute acetic acid solution as appropriate

Fusarium oxysporium spores were prepared by maintaining cultures ofFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycoperici race 1 (RM-1)[FOLRM-1 on PotatoDextrose Agar (PDA) slants. Microconidia of the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycoperici, were obtained by isolating a small portion of anactively growing culture from a PDA plate and transferring to 50 ml amineral salts medium FLC (Esposito and Fletcher, 1961). The culture wasincubated with shaking (125 rpm) at 25° C. After 960 h the fungal slurryconsisting of mycelia and microconidia were strained twice through eightlayers of sterile cheese cloth to obtain a microconidial suspension. Themicrocondial suspension was then calibrated with a hemacytometer. Allfungal inocula were tested for the absence of contaminating bacteriabefore their use in experiments. Antimicrobial paper coated with a latexcoating comprising ProteCoat® and control paper was prepared inaccordance with Example 8.

The assay procedure included: cutting appropriated sized strips of bothantimicrobial and control papers (e.g., 40×40 mm or 50×50 mm); centeringthe strips on a sterile Potato Dextrose Agar plate, treated side up;diluting spores to 2×10³ per mL Potato Dextrose broth; transferring to acalibrated preval sprayer (i.e., dispense 50 μL per single pump action);dispersing spores in a hood onto the agar and paper surface with asingle pump action (delivers approximately 100 spores to the area);covering and leaving at ambient conditions; and observing growth overseveral days, though time of assay will depend on organism. Pipet tipsfitted the pipette (e.g., multichannel pipettes). The liquid level wascorrect in the tips, as air bubbles, etc may alter volume. Qualitycontrol and safety procedures were as described in Example 6.

Example 13: This Example demonstrates a paper coating comprising anantimicrobial enzyme additive. The antimicrobial enzyme comprised alysozyme. Assay standardization and data are shown in the followingtables.

TABLE 32 Assay Enzymatic Additive-Lysozyme Example Techniques UsedExamples 8 and 10 Coupon Size Variable, 200-600 mm² Paper Age 3 monthsTest Organism Micrococcus lysodeikticus Contamination level 2.5 × 10⁸cells/mL Assay Time 4 and 24 hrs

TABLE 33A Test Strips and Data Paper Paper coupon (mm × Type mm) Area(mm²) [lysozyme], μg 0 0 0.2% 5 × 40 200 8.76 1.0% 5 × 40 200 38.80 2.0%5 × 40 200 92.80 2.0% 5 × 40 + 5 × 10 250 116.00 2.0% 5 × 40 + 5 × 20300 139.20 2.0% 5 × 40 + 5 × 40 400 185.00 2.0% 5 × 40 + 5 × 40 + 5 × 10450 208.80 2.0% 5 × 40 + 5 × 40 + 5 × 20 500 232.00 2.0% 5 × 40 + 5 ×40 + 5 × 40 600 278.40

TABLE 33B Antimicrobial Strips and Data Paper Paper coupon 4 hrs 24 hrsType (mm × mm) OD₅₇₀ % Lysis OD₅₇₀ % Lysis 0 0.305 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.2% 5× 40 0.301 1.31 0.275 −1.85 1.0% 5 × 40 0.277 9.18 0.2 25.93 2.0% 5 × 400.172 43.61 0.0015 99.44 2.0% 5 × 40 + 5 × 10 0.099 67.54 0.001 99.632.0% 5 × 40 + 5 × 20 0.136 55.41 0.0025 99.07 2.0% 5 × 40 + 5 × 40 0.01794.43 0.005 99.81 2.0% 5 × 40 + 5 × 40 0.023 92.46 0.001 99.63 2.0% 5 ×40 + 5 × 40 0.024 92.13 0.001 99.63 2.0% 5 × 40 + 5 × 40 0.015 95.080.0015 99.44

The rate of lysis upon contact with a coupon cut from antimicrobialtreated paper, is approximately 0.5% (1.35×10⁷ cells) per μg lysozyme.This corresponds to a reduction in activity, per μg of lysozyme, ofapproximately 65% over that observed in suspension. Treated papers ofidentical size with antimicrobial loadings of 0.2%, 1.0% and 2.0%,demonstrated antimicrobial function. The antimicrobial concentration ona per unit of area for those loadings, is provided in the followingtable.

TABLE 34 Antimicrobial concentration per unit area Coating LysozymePaper (gsm) % lysozyme g/m2 μg/m² μg/mm² A 21.9 0.2% 0.0438 4.38 × 10⁻⁸0.0438 B 19.4 1.0% 0.194 1.94 × 10⁻⁷ 0.194 C 23.2 2.0% 0.464 4.64 × 10⁻⁷0.464

Example 14: This Example qualitatively demonstrates an antimicrobialenzyme additive combined with an antimicrobial peptide additive toprovide antimicrobial functionality to a paper coating formulation. Anadaptation of ASTM 02020-92 was used as the assay to demonstrate thegrowth of a microorganism in a petri dish was inhibited by contact withthe treated paper. The antimicrobial enzyme additive comprised lysozyme,and the antimicrobial peptide additive comprised ProteCoat® ReactiveSurfaces, Ltd.; also described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos.10/884,355; 11/368,086; and Ser. No. 11/865,514, each incorporated byreference).

The spectrophotometric lysozyme assay uses Micrococcus lysodeikticusbacterial cells as a substrate, and measures the change in the turbidityof the cell suspension as described in Example 9 and Example 10. Theefficacy of an antimicrobial peptide (e.g., ProteCoat”) may be monitoredbiologically. Though the contemplated mechanism of action for anantimicrobial or antifouling peptide is similar, i.e. disruption of thestructural components of the microbial cell, the cell wall may remainrelatively intact. As an antifungal or antimicrobial peptide's biocidalor biostatic activity inhibits the cell, the cell may not lyse fordetection of a change in turbidity. Biological assay conditions areshown in the table below.

TABLE 35 Enzymatic Additive-Lysozyme (Qualitative) Example TechniquesUsed Example 11 Coupon Size 100 mm² Paper Age 3 months Test OrganismMicrococcus lysodeikticus Growth Conditions 28° C.

A zone of clearing was seen around the antimicrobial paper in contactwith a petri dish covered by M. lysodeikticus, whereas the control paperhad no such zone. The coupon of paper was about half the size of thesmallest coupons in the quantitative M. lysodeikticus assay, yet growthinhibition was seen.

Assay conditions for Fusarium oxysporum is shown at the table below.

TABLE 36 Enzymatic Additive-ProteCoat ® (Qualitative) Example TechniquesUsed Example 12 Coupon Size 40 × 40 mm Paper Age 3 months Test OrganismFusarium oxysporum Contamination level 100 spore, aerosol deliveryGrowth Conditions Ambient

Overgrowth of both test and control ProteCoat® paper by the fungus,Fusarium oxysporium, was observed. The developmental state of themycelium on the antimicrobial paper was retarded over that seen in thecontrol paper, indicative of biostatic, and possibly biocide activity.

Example 15: This Example demonstrates synergism between an antimicrobialenzyme additive combined with an antimicrobial peptide additive in acoating applied to papers, and to demonstrate antimicrobial activity ofa paper comprising the antimicrobial peptide. The antimicrobial enzymeadditive comprised lysozyme, and the antimicrobial peptide additivecomprised ProteCoat® (Reactive Surfaces, Ltd.; also described in U.S.patent application Ser. Nos. 10/884,355; 11/368,086; and Ser. No.11/865,514, each incorporated by reference). Assay conditions are shownat the tables below.

TABLE 37 Enzymatic Additive-2% Lysozyme + 0.5% ProteCoat ® (TitrationAssay) Example Techniques Used Example 10 Coupon Size Variable, 0-400mm² Paper Age 3 months Test Organism Micrococcus lysodeikticusContamination level 2.5 × 10⁸ cells/mL Assay Time 3 and 20 hrs

TABLE 38A Activity in Treated Papers Strips Area Paper (mm × mm) (mm²)Lysozyme ProteCoat ® 2% mg μg/mL mg μg/mL Lysozyme 0 0 5 × 5 25 11.602.90 0.00 0.00 5 × 10 50 23.20 5.80 0.00 0.00 5 × 20 100 46.40 11.600.00 0.00 5 × 40 200 92.80 23.20 0.00 0.00 5 × 40 + 5 × 5 225 104.4026.10 0.00 0.00 5 × 40 + 5 × 10 250 116.00 29.00 0.00 0.00 5 × 40 + 5 ×20 300 139.20 34.80 0.00 0.00 5 × 40 + 5 × 40 400 185.60 46.40 0.00 0.002% 0 Lysozyme + 5 × 5 25 11.60 2.90 2.90 0.73 0.5% 5 × 10 50 23.20 5.805.80 1.45 ProteCoat ® 5 × 20 100 46.40 11.60 11.60 2.90 5 × 40 200 92.8023.20 23.20 5.80 5 × 40 + 5 × 5 225 104.40 26.10 26.10 6.53 5 × 40 + 5 ×10 250 116.00 29.00 29.00 7.25 5 × 40 + 5 × 20 300 139.20 34.80 34.808.70 5 × 40 + 5 × 40 400 185.60 46.40 46.40 11.60

TABLE 38B Activity in Treated Papers Strips Area Paper (mm × mm) (mm²) 3hrs 20 hrs 2% OD₆₀₀ % Lysis OD₆₀₀ % Lysis Lysozyme 0 0.266 0.00 0.2580.00 5 × 5 25 0.259 2.63 0.25 3.10 5 × 10 50 0.259 2.63 0.23 10.85 5 ×20 100 0.256 3.76 0.145 43.80 5 × 40 200 0.228 14.29 0.038 85.27 5 ×40 + 5 × 5 225 0.199 25.19 0.019 92.64 5 × 40 + 5 × 10 250 0.148 44.360.011 95.74 5 × 40 + 5 × 20 300 0.177 33.46 0.013 94.96 5 × 40 + 5 × 40400 0.09 66.17 0.012 95.35 2% 0 0.266 0.00 0.258 0.00 Lysozyme + 5 × 525 0.255 4.14 0.23 10.85 0.5% 5 × 10 50 0.248 6.77 0.057 77.91ProteCoat ® 5 × 20 100 0.237 10.90 0.016 93.80 5 × 40 200 0.195 26.690.012 95.35 5 × 40 + 5 × 5 225 0.199 25.19 0.012 95.35 5 × 40 + 5 × 10250 0.15 43.61 0.012 95.35 5 × 40 + 5 × 20 300 0.124 53.38 0.01 96.12 5× 40 + 5 × 40 400 0.031 88.35 0.012 95.35

The concentration of lysozyme in the papers corresponded to between 2and 50 ppm, whereas ProteCoat® was between 0.5 and 12 ppm. Thecomparison of lysis between the 2% lysozyme paper, and the combinedpaper which contained 2% lysozyme and 0.5% ProteCoat® indicatessynergism between the additives. For example, the 100 mm² coupon sizeexhibited 44% lysis, whereas the combined paper exhibited 93%. This isan observed/expected (93/44+0) of 2.1, indicative of significantsynergism. To further demonstrate this activity, the assay was repeatedby titrating the 2% lysozyme paper with individual swaths of 2.5%ProteCoat® paper. 5×10, 5×20, and 5×40 mm² lysozyme paper strips withincreasing amount of Protecoat® paper were added to tubes in 4 ml totalvolume 2.5×10⁸ Micrococcus cells/ml. The assay conditions are shown atthe tables below.

TABLE 39 Enzymatic Additive-2% Lysozyme & 2.5% ProteCoat ® (Titration)Example Techniques Used Example 10 Coupon Size Variable Lysozyme 0-200mm² ProteCoat ® 0-200 mm² Paper Age 3 months Test Organism Micrococcuslysodeikticus Contamination level 2.5 × 10⁸ cells/mL Assay Time 4 and 22hrs

TABLE 40 Activity of Protecoat ® paper with 50, 100 and 200 mm² Lysozymepaper against Micrococcus lysodeikticus Square area Square Strips (mm²)area [lyso- (mm × Lyso- (mm²) zyme] [Protecoat ®] Paper mm) zymeProtecoat ® (ug/ml) (ug/ml) Control 0 0 0 0 (0) 0 (0) 2% 5 × 10 50 023.2 (5.8)  0 (0) Lysozyme 2.5% 5 × 5  50 25 23.2 (5.8)    15 (3.75)Protecoat ® 5 × 10 50 50 23.2 (5.8)   30 (7.5) 5 × 20 50 100 23.2 (5.8) 60 (15) 5 × 40 50 200 23.2 (5.8)  120 (30)  5 × 50 400 23.2 (5.8)  240(60)  40 × 2 Control 0 0 0 0 (0) 0 (0) 2% 5 × 20 100 0 46.4 (11.6) 0 (0)Lysozyme 2.5% 5 × 5  100 25 46.4 (11.6)   15 (3.75) Protecoat ® 5 × 10100 50 46.4 (11.6)  30 (7.5) 5 × 20 100 100 46.4 (11.6) 60 (15) 5 × 40100 200 46.4 (11.6) 120 (30)  5 × 100 400 46.4 (11.6) 240 (60)  40 × 22% 5 × 40 200 0 92.8 (23.2) 0 (0) Lysozyme 2.5% 5 × 5  200 25 92.8(23.2)   15 (3.75) Protecoat ® 5 × 10 200 50 92.8 (23.2)  30 (7.5) 5 ×20 200 100 92.8 (23.2) 60 (15) 5 × 40 200 200 92.8 (23.2) 120 (30)  5 ×200 400 92.8 (23.2) 240 (60)  40 × 2

An example of a calculation for the lysozyme content in 2% lysozymepaper was: 23.2×2% g/m²=0.464 g/m^(z)=0.464 μg/mm². An example of acalculation for the Protecoat® content in 2.5% Protecoat® paper was:23.9×2.5% g/m²=0.60 g/m²=0.60 μg/mm².

TABLE 41 Activity of Protecoat ® paper with 50, 100 and 200 mm² Lysozymepaper against Micrococcus lysodeikticus Strips 4 hrs 23 hrs Paper (mm ×mm) OD₆₀₀ % Lysis OD₆₀₀ % Lysis Control 0 0.278 0 0.276 0   2% 5 × 100.269 3.24 0.206 25.36 Lysozyme 2.5% 5 × 5 0.264 5.04 0.235 14.86Protecoat ® 5 × 10 0.268 3.60 0.213 22.83 5 × 20 0.269 3.24 0.197 28.625 × 40 0.266 4.32 0.172 37.68 5 × 40 × 2 0.24 13.67 0.027 90.22 Control0 0.254 0 0.229 0   2% 5 × 20 0.224 11.81 0.026 88.65 Lysozyme 2.5% 5 ×5 0.22 13.39 0.023 89.96 Protecoat ® 5 × 10 0.204 19.69 0.013 94.32 5 ×20 0.212 16.54 0.019 91.70 5 × 40 0.178 29.92 0.014 93.89 5 × 40 × 20.194 23.62 0.027 88.21   2% 5 × 40 0.203 20.08 0.019 91.70 Lysozyme2.5% 5 × 5 0.181 28.74 0.009 96.07 Protecoat ® 5 × 10 0.175 31.10 0.0195.63 5 × 20 0.165 35.04 0.012 94.76 5 × 40 0.128 49.61 0.012 94.76 5 ×40 × 2 0.145 42.91 0.019 91.70

TABLE 42A % Lysis (relative to control without Protecoat ® added) atgiven time Square Area 4 hr (mm²) of 50 mm² 100 mm² 200 mm² Protecoat ®Lysozyme Lysozyme Lysozyme paper paper paper paper 0 3.24 11.81 20.08 255.04 13.39 28.74 50 3.60 19.69 31.10 100 3.24 16.54 35.04 200 4.32 29.9249.61 400 13.67 23.62 42.91

TABLE 42B % Lysis (relative to control without Protecoat ® added) atgiven time Square Area 22 hr (mm²) of 50 mm² 100 mm² 200 mm² Protecoat ®Lysozyme Lysozyme Lysozyme paper paper paper paper 0 25.36 88.65 91.7025 14.86 89.96 96.07 50 22.83 94.32 95.63 100 28.62 91.70 94.76 20037.68 93.89 94.76 400 90.22 88.21 91.70

The assay was repeated by titrating the 2% lysozyme paper withindividual swaths of 2.5% ProteCoat® paper. Lysozyme in technical papersadded to an assay at concentrations greater than 10 ppm exhibitedantimicrobial activity in the M. lysodeikticus assay. Lysozyme atapproximately 5 ppm in the assay did not exhibit significantantimicrobial activity over the course of the assay (20 hrs). Theaddition of ProteCoat® papers, with between 3 and 60 ppm ProteCoat® tothe assay significantly enhanced the lytic activity of lysozyme, orpossibly the reverse. This was also true with the 5 ppm lysozyme, inwhich the lytic activity was doubled by the addition of between 3 and 60ppm ProteCoat® to the assay. The peptide additive may be enhancing theactivity of the enzyme, or the enzyme enhancing the activity of thepeptide, or both, to produce these results.

Example 16: This Example demonstrates a spectrophotometric assay for anantimicrobial coating with a lytic additive. The lytic additivecomprised a lysozyme. The antimicrobial coatings were created usingacrylic latex, commercially available paints. Equipment and reagentsthat were used are shown in the table below.

TABLE 43 Equipment and Reagents Equipment Spectrophotometer (ThermoMultiskan Ascent Plate Reader) Cuvettes (96-well assay plates)Multi-channels and single-channel pipettes and tips ReagentsTris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCI): [Sigma, cat #T3253, Molecular Formula: NH₂C(CH₂OH)₃•HCI, Molecular Weight: 157.60,CAS Number 1185-53-1, pKa (25° C.) 8.1] Micrococcus Iysodeikticus cell(Worthington Biochemicals, cat #8736) Lysozyme: chicken egg white {Sigmacat #L6876; 50,000 U/mg; CAS 12650-88-3; molecular weight: 14.3 kD;solubility (H₂O) 10 mg/mL; stability-1 month at 2-8° C. Standard: 25 μIof a 500,000 units (10 mg)/mL (10 mM Tris-HCI) will typically lyse E.coli from > 1 mL of culture media cell pellet resuspended in 350 μlbuffer (10 mM Tris HCI, pH 8.0, with 0.1M NaCI, 1 mM EDTA, and 5% [w/v]Triton X-100). Typical incubation conditions for lysis are 30 min at 37°C.}

A Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell suspension was made by adding 1.5 mgMicrococcus lysodeikticus to 1 mL 10 mM Tris pH 8.0 and mixing well. Alysozyme solution was prepared by adding 10 mg lysozyme in 1 mL ddH₂O,and mixing well.

The lysozyme stock solution was mixed into Sherwin Williams Acrylic (SW)or Glidden latex paint (1 part water:7 part paint). 4 mil, 6 mil, and 8mil free films were created from Sherwin Williams paint comprising alysozyme, a Glidden paint comprising a lysozyme, and controls for both.The plate controls included 3 replicates of 50 μL M. lysodeikticus cellsuspension plus 50 μL buffer; and 3 replicates of 100 μL buffer. Pipettips used fitted the pipette (e.g., multichannel pipettes). The liquidlevel was correct in the tips, as air bubbles, etc may alter volume.Quality control and safety procedures were as described in Example 6.

The antimicrobial films were cut into appropriately sized strips fromboth the antimicrobial and control coating. For a 5 mL assay in a 15 mLtube, standard size was 1×1 cm.

Analysis of samples included determining activity by monitoring theclearing of the cell suspension at OD₄₀₅ and determining the best fit toa standard curve. The reaction was started with the addition of 5 ml ofthe M. lysodeikticus stock. The tubes were immediately placed on arocker for 3 hr; 100 μl samples were taken at 3 hr, and the absorbanceat 405 nm was recorded.

TABLE 44 Sample Lysis Averages and Deviations Avg. % Lysis at StandardSample 3 hr Deviation SW Control 4 mils 11.1057 0.5752 6 mils 12.29320.3812 8 mils 12.2802 0.5752 SW Lysozyme 4 mils 65.0651 1.3638 6 mils74.5744 3.8272 8 mils 84.2325 4.1432 Glidden Control 4 mils 4.85140.4912 6 mils 5.1005 0.0569 8 mils 5.1749 0.6266 Glidden 4 mils 18.37600.5846 Lysozyme 6 mils 23.1840 3.6201 8 mils 29.1666 1.9095

Analysis of the data included calculating the initial velocities for therecorded slopes: [OD₄₀₅ min]/[slope standard curve (GD/mg M.lysodeikticus]/[Iysozyme],

Example 17: This Example demonstrates a biological assay forantimicrobial activity of

coatings comprising an antimicrobial enzyme additive against amicroorganism. The antimicrobial enzyme additive comprised lysozyme, themicroorganism used comprised vegetative, gram-positive M. lysodeikticus.The assay was adapted from ASTM 02020-92, Method A, Standard Test forMildew (Fungus) Resistance of Paper and Paperboard (Reapproved 2003).Equipment and reagents that were used are shown in the table below.

TABLE 45 Equipment and Reagents Equipment: Petri Plates Reagents: LuriaBroth Agar (LBA) Lysozyme: chicken egg white, Sigma cat #L6876; 50,000U/mg; CAS 12650-88-3; molecular weight: 14.3 kD; solubility (H₂O) 10mg/mL; stability-1 month at 2-8° C. Standard: 25 μI of a 500,000 units(10 mg)/mL (10 mM Tris-HCI) will typically lyse E. coli from > 1 mL ofculture media cell pellet resuspended in 350 μl buffer (10 mM Tris HCI,pH 8.0, with 0.1M NaCI, 1 mM EDTA, and 5% [w/v] Triton X-100). Typicalincubation conditions for lysis are 30 min at 37° C.

A Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell suspension was made by adding 1.5 mg M.lysodeikticus to 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0, and mixing well. A lawn of M.lysodeikticus was generated by spreading 200 μl of this suspension ontoa LBA plate, using a glass spreading rod. An antimicrobial latex coatingcomprising lysozyme and a control film was prepared in accordance withExample 16.

The assay include cutting appropriated sized strips of bothantimicrobial and control latex films (e.g., a 1×1 cm). In triplicatethe free films are carefully placed onto the surface of the petri dishesspaced out equally. This procedure was repeated for each of the paintfilm types/thicknesses.

The paint films comprising a lysozyme were active in lysing M.lysodeikticus, producing circular zones of clearing. The difference inZone of Clearing Diameter between the different thicknesses of film wasdeemed negligible.

TABLE 46 Diameter (cm) of Zones of Clearing Sample 4 mils 6 mils 8 milsGlidden Lysozyme 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.9 Glidden Control 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sherwin Williams 2.1 1.9 2.2 Lysozyme 2.1 1.9 1.9 2 2 1.8Sherwin Williams 0 0 0 Lysozyme 0 0 0 0 0 0

Example 18: This Example demonstrates a qualitative biological assay forsurvivability of an antimicrobial latex coating comprising anantimicrobial enzyme additive against a microorganism. The antimicrobialenzyme additive comprised lysozyme, the microorganism used comprisedvegetative, gram-positive M. lysodeikticus. The assay was adapted fromASTM 02020-92, Method A, Standard Test for Mildew (Fungus) Resistance ofPaper and Paperboard (Reapproved 2003). Equipment and reagents that wereused are shown in the table below.

TABLE 47 Equipment and Reagents Equipment: Petri Plates Reagents: LuriaBroth Agar (LBA) Lysozyme: chicken egg white, Sigma cat #L6876; 50,000U/mg; CAS 12650-88-3; molecular weight: 14.3 kD; solubility (H₂O) 10mg/mL; stability-1 month at 2-8° C. Standard: 25 μI of a 500,000 units(10 mg)/mL (10 mM Tris-HCI) will typically lyse E. coli from > 1 mL ofculture media cell pellet resuspended in 350 μl buffer (10 mM Tris HCI,pH 8.0, with 0.1M NaCI, 1 mM EDTA, and 5% [w/v] Triton X-100). Typicalincubation conditions for lysis are 30 min at 37° C.

A Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell suspension was made by adding 1.5 mg M.lysodeikticus to 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0, and mixing well. A lawn of M.lysodeikticus was generated by spreading 200 μl of this suspension ontoa LBA plate, using a glass spreading rod.

The paint formulations that were prepared included a Sherwin-WilliamsAcrylic Latex or a Glidden Acrylic Latex as controls (no additive), andboth a Sherwin-Williams Acrylic Latex or a Glidden Acrylic Latexcomprising 10 mg/mL Lysozyme (ddH₂O). Each paint was made by adding 1part additive to 7 parts paint, and then mixed with a glass stirring rodand a paint mixer. Each film was immediately drawn onto polypropylenesurfaces with a thickness of 4 mil, 6 mil, and 8 mil. Cure time was 24days. Materials for assay were generated from the polypropylene surfaceas 1 cm² free films.

The assay include cutting appropriately sized strips of bothantimicrobial and control latex films (e.g., a 1×1 cm). In triplicatethe free films were carefully placed onto the surface of the petridishes spaced out equally. This procedure was repeated for each of thepaint film types/thicknesses.

After 24 hrs incubation, the diameter of the zones of clearing wasmeasured for each film. Using sterile tweezer, the films were removedand transfer to a new LBA plate spread with M. lysodeikticus in the sameorientation as the plates the films were removed from. Repeat theprocedure of measuring the zones of clearing through transfer to a newplate every day for 5 days.

TABLE 48 Average Diameter (cm) of Zones of Clearing Standard StandardStandard 4 mils Deviation 6 mils Deviation 8 mils Deviation Day 1Glidden N/A N/A N/A N/A 0    0    Control Glidden 2.5667 0.0577 2.53330.0577 2.7000 0.0000 Lysozyme Day 2 Glidden N/A N/A N/A N/A 0    0   Control Glidden 2.0000 0.0000 2.0000 0.0000 2.2000 0.0000 Lysozyme Day 3Glidden N/A N/A N/A N/A 0    0    Control Glidden 1.4667 0.0577 1.66670.0577 1.9000 0.0000 Lysozyme Day 4 Glidden N/A N/A N/A N/A 0    0   Control Glidden 1.4333 0.1155 1.5667 0.0577 1.8000 0.0000 Lysozyme Day 5Glidden N/A N/A N/A N/A 0    0    Control Glidden 1.2667 0.0577 1.45000.0707 1.6333 0.0577 Lysozyme ¹N/A in this chart just means notavailable/not applicable.

There were no 4 mil or 6 mil controls tested due to a limited LBA platesupply, though 8 mil control films were tested. The standard deviationsfor the 8 mil controls to 0, because all 3 controls produced a 0 cm zoneof clearing in each case.

The paint films comprising lysozyme were active in lysing M.lysodeikticus, producing circular zones of clearing, for five cycles ofcontaminant control. The difference in Zone of Clearing Diameter betweenthe different thicknesses of each film appeared negligible.

Example 19: This Example demonstrates a sulfatase's activity infree-films using a plate reader. Equipment and reagents used are shownin the table below.

TABLE 49 Equipment and Reagents Equipment Plate Reader 96-well plate 2ml microtubes Reagents Sulfatase from Aerobacter aerogenes (Sigma Cat#S1629-50UN) Potassium 4-Nitrophenyl sulfate (MW 257.27; Sigma Cat#N3877) Trizma base (Sigma Cat# T1503)

Samples preparation procedure included preparing: 14.5 mM potassium4-nitrophenyl sulfate in isopropyl alcohol; and 200 mM TRIS, adjusted topH 7.1 with HCl.

The paint formulations that were prepared included a Sherwin-WilliamsAcrylic Latex control (no additive), and a Sherwin-Williams AcrylicLatex comprising sulfatase. 63 enzyme units of sulfatase was admixedwith 1 part water, then added to 7 parts paint. Each paint was mixedwith a glass stirring rod and a paint mixer. Each film was immediatelydrawn onto polypropylene surfaces with a thickness of 8 mil. Cure timewas 24 hours. Materials for assay were generated from the polypropylenesurface as 3 cm² free films.

The plate reader assay included: cutting free films into appropriatesize pieces; adding 1350 uL 200 mM TRIS into each microtube; adding 150uL of 14.5 mM potassium 4-nitrophenyl sulfate to each tube; taking the 0time sample; then adding the free films to the tubes, with the controlsample being free film with no sulfatase. Quality control and safetyprocedures were as described in Example 6, including use of a hood formaterial handling as appropriate.

Analysis included: taking 100 ul at the appropriate time points fromeach microtube and reading the absorbance at 405 nm; and determining theinitial rate slope by plotting absorbance vs. time to calculatesulfatase activity.

TABLE 50A Absorbance at 405 nm Time Blank 0 0.0410 0.0408 0.0401 150.0414 0.0409 0.0408 30 0.0411 0.0400 0.0410 60 0.0405 0.0410 0.0410 1200.0428 0.0409 0.0412 Slope 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

TABLE 50B Absorbance at 405 nm Time 3 cm × 1 cm Control 3 cm × 1 cmEnzyme 0 0.0410 0.0408 0.0401 0.0410 0.0408 0.0401 15 0.0420 0.04080.0407 0.0595 0.0592 0.0607 30 0.0450 0.0414 0.0413 0.0800 0.0819 0.081860 0.0421 0.0448 0.0500 0.1243 0.1307 0.1291 120 0.0415 0.0422 0.04300.2024 0.2138 0.2159 Slope 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0014 0.0015 0.0015

TABLE 51A Average Absorbance at 405 nm Absorbance Average Time BlankControl 3 cm² Sulfatase 3 cm² 0 0.0406 0.0406 0.0406 15 0.0410 0.04120.0598 30 0.0407 0.0426 0.0812 60 0.0408 0.0456 0.1280 120 0.0416 0.04220.2107

TABLE 51B Average Absorbance at 405 nm Standard Deviations AbsorbanceStandard Deviation Time Blank Control 3 cm² Sulfatase 3 cm² 0 0.00050.0005 0.0005 15 0.0003 0.0007 0.0008 30 0.0006 0.0021 0.0011 60 0.00030.0040 0.0033 120 0.0010 0.0008 0.0073

TABLE 52 Absorbance vs. Time Slope Activity Data U U U Sample Slope(A/min) (umol/min) Average Deviation Blank 0.0000 0.0028 0.0016 0.00120.0000 0.0005 0.0000 0.0015 Control 3 cm² 0.0000 −0.0009 0.0036 0.00450.0000 0.0038 0.0000 0.0080 Sulfatase 3 cm² 0.0014 0.2971 0.3133 0.01410.0015 0.3200 0.0015 0.3229

Example 20: This Example demonstrates a phosphodiesterase I assay usinga plate reader. The equipment and reagents used are shown in the tablebelow.

TABLE 53 Equipment and reagents Equipment Plate Reader 96-well plateReagents Phosphodiesterase I from Crotalus adamanteus Venom (WorthingtonCat# LS003926) Thymidine 5-monophosphate p-nitrophenyl ester sodium salt(MW 465.3; Sigma Cat# T4510) Trizma base (Sigma Cat# T1503)

Samples prepared included: 14.5 mM Thymidine 5-monophosphatep-nitrophenyl ester sodium salt in ddH₂O; a 124U/ml ddH₂O enzymesolution; and 200 mM TRIS (adjusted to pH 7.1 with HCl).

The plate reader assay comprised: diluting enzyme solution 1:1 and 1:3;adding 16 ul of each enzyme dilution in triplicate into a 96-well plate,with a control sample prepared by adding 16 ul ddH₂O; adding 24 ul ddH₂Ointo each well; adding 50 ul 200 mM TRIS to each well; and adding 10 uLof 14.5 mM Thymidine 5-monophosphate p-nitrophenyl ester sodium salt inddH₂O to each well. Quality control and safety procedures were asdescribed in Example 6, including use of a hood for material handling asappropriate.

The analysis included: taking 500 readings every 10 seconds at 405 nm;and determining the initial rate slope by plotting absorbance vs. timeto calculate phosphodiesterase I activity. Summary results are below.

TABLE 54 Phosphodiesterase Activity Slope U U U Sample (A/min)(umol/min) Average Deviation 2U 0.1069 23.39 20.48 2.58 0.0895 19.600.0844 18.47 1U 0.0764 16.73 15.27 1.69 0.0715 15.64 0.0613 13.42

TABLE 55 Phosphodiesterase Activity Slope U U Sample (A/min) (umol/min)U Average Deviation 0.5 U 0.0508 11.12 10.62 0.54 0.0488 10.69 0.045910.05 Control −0.0002 −0.04 −0.04 0.03 −0.0004 −0.08 −0.0001 −0.01

Example 21: This Example demonstrates a phosphodiesterase I activityassay in free-films using a plate reader.

TABLE 56 Equipment and reagents Equipment Plate Reader 96-well plate 2ml microtubes Reagents Phosphodiesterase I from Crotalus adamanteusVenom (Worthington Cat# LS003926) Thymidine 5-monophosphatep-nitrophenyl ester sodium salt (MW 465.3; Sigma Cat# T4510) Trizma base(Sigma Cat# T1503)

Samples prepared included: 14.5 mM Thymidine 5-monophosphatep-nitrophenyl ester sodium salt in ddH₂O; and 200 mM TRIS (adjusted topH 7.1 with HCl).

The paint formulations that were prepared included a Sherwin-WilliamsAcrylic Latex control (no additive), and a Sherwin-Williams AcrylicLatex comprising phosphodiesterase I. 113 enzyme units ofphosphodiesterase I was admixed with 1 part water, then added to 7 partspaint. Each paint was mixed with a glass stirring rod and a paint mixer.Each film was immediately drawn onto polypropylene surfaces with athickness of 8 mil. Cure time was 24 hours. Materials for assay weregenerated from the polypropylene surface as 1 cm², 2 cm² and 3 cm² freefilms.

The plate reader assay comprised: cutting free films into appropriatesized pieces and place them into microtubes, though blank samples haveno paint film inside the microtube; adding 600 ul ddH₂O into eachmicrotube; adding 750 ul 200 mM TRIS into each microtube; and adding 150uL of 14.5 mM Thymidine 5-monophosphate p-nitrophenyl ester sodium saltin ddH₂O into each microtube. Quality control and safety procedures wereas described in Example 6, including use of a hood for material handlingas appropriate.

Analysis included: taking out 100 ul from each microtube at theappropriate time points, and reading the absorbance at 405 nm; anddetermining the initial rate slope by plotting absorbance vs. time tocalculate phosphodiesterase I activity.

TABLE 57A Phosphodiesterase I Sample absorbance at 405 nm Time (min)Blank 3 cm X 1 cm Control   0 0.0432 0.0401 0.0438 0.0432 0.0401 0.0438 30 0.0385 0.0388 0.0384 0.0425 0.0441 0.0409  60 0.0412 0.0395 0.03910.0485 0.0402 0.0431  120 0.0408 0.0398 0.0394 0.0443 0.0408 0.0410  2400.0410 0.0396 0.0442 0.0411 0.0421 0.0411 1200 0.0464 0.0411 0.04200.0433 0.0418 0.0416 Slope 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000(A/min)

TABLE 57B Phosphodiesterase I Sample absorbance at 405 nm Time (min) 3cm X 1 cm Enzyme 2 cm X 1 cm Enzyme  0 0.0432 0.0401 0.0438 0.04320.0401 0.0438  30 0.0582 0.0567 0.0598 0.0515 0.0486 0.0497  60 0.08070.0787 0.0822 0.0671 0.0628 0.0648 120 0.1459 0.1348 0.1424 0.10930.0997 0.1076 240 0.2720 0.2534 0.2663 0.2058 0.1854 0.1985 1200 0.68180.6674 0.6647 0.6234 0.5894 0.6073 Slope 0.0010 0.0009 0.0010 0.00070.0006 0.0007 (A/min)

TABLE 57C Phosphodiesterase I Sample absorbance at 405 nm Time (mm) 1 cm× 1 cm Enzyme 0 0.0432 0.0401 0.0438 30 0.0459 0.0451 0.0455 60 0.05470.0509 0.0543 120 0.0800 0.0714 0.0793 240 0.1420 0.1151 0.1204 12000.4900 0.4191 0.4146 Slope (A/min) 0.0004 0.0003 0.0003

TABLE 58A Phosphodiesterase I Sample absorbance Average at 405 nm 3 cm²2 cm² 1 cm² Time 3 cm² Phospho- Phospho- Phospho- (min) Blank Controldiesterase I diesterase I diesterase I 0 0.0424 0.0424 0.0424 0.04240.0424 30 0.0386 0.0425 0.0582 0.0499 0.0455 60 0.0399 0.0439 0.08050.0649 0.0533 120 0.0400 0.0420 0.1410 0.1055 0.0769 240 0.0416 0.04140.2639 0.1966 0.1258

TABLE 58B Phosphodiesterase I Sample absorbance Deviation at 405 nm 2cm²3 cm² Phospho- 1 cm² Time 3 cm² Phospho- diesterase Phospho- (min) BlankControl diesterase I I diesterase I 0 0.0020 0.0020 0.0020 0.0020 0.002030 0.0002 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0004 60 0.0011 0.0042 0.0018 0.00220.0021 120 0.0007 0.0020 0.0057 0.0051 0.0048 240 0.0024 0.0006 0.00950.0103 0.0142

TABLE 59 Phosphodiesterase I Activity Slope U U U Sample (A/min)(umol/min) Average Deviation Blank 0.0000 −0.0004 0.00 0.00 0.00000.0001 0.0000 0.0024 Control 3 cm² 0.0000 −0.0024 0.00 0.00 0.00000.0005 0.0000 −0.0018 Phosphodiesterase 0.0010 0.2151 0.21 0.01 3 cm²0.0009 0.1987 0.0010 0.2081 Phosphodiesterase 0.0007 0.1530 0.15 0.01 2cm² 0.0006 0.1362 0.0007 0.1468 Phosphodiesterase 0.0004 0.0937 0.080.01 1 cm² 0.0003 0.0703 0.0003 0.0738

Example 22: This Example describes identification and isolation ofadditional proteinaceous sequence(s) that may be used, such as asequence possessing an antibiological activity.

Although a synthetically obtained peptidic agent (i.e., a peptide,polypeptide, a protein, an antifungal peptide) identified and producedas described herein (e.g., SEQ ID Nos. 1 to 47) may be used, it is alsopossible to employ suitable naturally produced peptidic agent (e.g., amicrobe that produces a peptidic agent), as a component of a materialformulation (e.g., an additive in a paint, a coating additive). Aproteinaceous molecule, such as one possessing an antibiologicalactivity, may be identified using an assay as described herein and/orthe art. A number of such naturally occurring peptides are listed in theTable below, with reference citations often including activity assay(s)used in identification.

TABLE 60 Examples of Antibiological Peptides Seq. Name Source IDActivity Reference Synthetic 1 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 2Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 3 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782Synthetic 4 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 5 Fungi U.S. Pat.No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 6 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 7Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 8 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782Synthetic 9 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 10 Fungi U.S. Pat.No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 11 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 12Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 13 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782Synthetic 14 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 15 Fungi U.S. Pat.No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 16 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 17Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 18 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782Synthetic 19 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 20 Fungi U.S. Pat.No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 21 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 22Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 23 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782Synthetic 24 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 25 Fungi U.S. Pat.No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 26 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 27Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 28 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782Synthetic 29 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 30 Fungi U.S. Pat.No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 31 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 32Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 33 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782Synthetic 34 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 35 Fungi U.S. Pat.No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 36 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 37Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 38 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782Synthetic 39 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 40 Fungi U.S. Pat.No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 41 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 42Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 43 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782Synthetic 44 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 45 Fungi U.S. Pat.No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 46 Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Synthetic 47Fungi U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,782 Tachystatin A Horseshoe Crab 48 Gram+ &Fujitani et al., J. Gram−, Biol. Chem. 277; Fungi 23651, 2002.Androctonin Androctonus 49 Gram+ & Mandard et al., J. Australis Gram−,Biomol. Struct. Fungi Dyn. 17; 367, 1999. Tritrpticin Synthetic 50 Gram+& Schibli et al., Gram−, Biochemistry 38; Fungi 16749, 1999. HNP-3Defensin Human 51 Gram+ & Hill et al., Science Gram−, 251; 1481-85,Virus, 1991. Fungi Anti-fungal protein Phytolacca 52 Fungi Gao et al., 1(pafp-s) Americana Biochemistry 40 (37); 10973-78, 2001. Magainin 2Synthetic construct 53 Gram+ & Hara et al., Gram−, Biopolymers 58(4);Fungi 437-46, 2001. Indolicidin Bos Taurus 54 Gram+ & Rozek et al.,Gram−, Biochemistry 39; Virus, 15765, 2000. Fungi Defensin Heliothisvirescens 55 Fungi Lamberty et al., heliomicin Biochemistry 40; 11995,2001. Defensin Heliothis virescens 56 Gram+ & Lamberty et al., J.heliomicin Gram−, Biol. Chem. 376; Fungi 4085-92, 2001. Sativum defensin1 Seed of Pea 57 Fungi Almeida et al., J. (psd1) Mol. Biol. 315(4);749-57, 2002. Gomesin Synthetic 58 Gram+ & Mandard et al., Gram−, Eur.J. Biochem. Fungi, 269; 1190, 2002. Mammalian cells Lactoferricin BBovine 59 Gram+ & Hwang et al., Gram−, Biochemistry 37; Virus, 4288,1998. Fungi, Cancer cells PW2 Synthetic 60 Fungi Tinoco et al., VOL.277, No. 39; 36351-56, 2002. Hepcidin 20 Human 61 Fungi Hunter et al.,J. Biol. Chem. 277; 35797, 2002. Hepcidin 25 Human 62 Fungi Hunter etal., J. Biol. Chem. 277; 35797, 2002. AC-AMP2 Amaranthus 63 Gram+,Martins et al., J. caudatus Fungi Mol. Biol. 258; 322, 1996. NK-LysinSus scrofa 64 Gram+ & Liepinsh et al., Nat Gram−, Struct Biol. 4; 793,Fungi 1997. Magainin 2 African clawed frog 65 Gram+ & Gesell et al., J.Gram−, Biomol. NMR 9; Fungi, 127, 1997. cancer cells Melittin B Honeybee venom 66 Gram+ & Terwilliger et al. J. Gram−, Biol. Chem. 257 Fungi,(11): 6016-6022, Mammalian 1982. cells Thanatin Podisus 67 Gram+ &Mandard et al., maculiventris Gram−, Eur J. Biochem. Fungi 256; 404,1998. Antimicrobial Common ice plant 68 Gram+ & Michalowski et al.,peptide 1 Gram−, submitted to Fungi EMBL GenBank DDBJ databases, 1998Melanotropin alpha Bovine 69 Gram +, Cutuli et al., J (Alpha-MSH) FungiLeukoc Biol. 27(2); 233-39, 2000. CORTICOSTATIN Rabbit 70 Gram+ &Selsted et al., III (MCP-1) Gram−, Proc. Natl. Acad. Virus, Sci. USA 85;592- Fungi 96, 1988. CORTICOSTATIN Rabbit 71 Gram+ & Selsted et al., III(MCP-1) Gram−, Proc. Natl. Acad. Virus, Sci. USA 85; 592- Fungi 96,1988. Cecropin B Chinese oak silk 72 Gram+ & Qu et al., Eur. J. mothGram−, Biochem. 127; Fungi 219-24, 1982. Seminalplasmin Bovine 73 Gram+& Theil et al., EMBO Gram−, J. 2; 1159-63, Fungi, 1983. Mammalian cellsNP-3A defensin Rabbit 74 Gram+ & Zhu et al, Gram−, Endocrinology Virus,130; 1413-23, Fungi 1992. HNP-1 Defensin Human 75 Gram+ & Zhang et al.,Gram−, Biochemistry 31; Virus, 11348-56, 1992. Fungi HNP-2 DefensinHuman 76 Gram+ & Selsted et al., J. Gram−, Biol Chem. 264; Virus,4003-07, 1989. Fungi HNP-4 Defensin Human 77 Gram+ & Wilde et al., J.Gram−, Biol. Chem. 264; Fungi 11200-03, 1989. Histatin 5 Human 78 Gram+& Raj et al., Gram−, Biopolymers 45(1); Fungi 51-67; 1998. Histatin 3Human 79 Gram+ & Oppenheim et al., Gram−, J. Biol. Chem. 263; Fungi7472-77, 1988. Histatin 8 80 Gram+ & Yin et al., Arch Gram−, Oral Biol.48(5); Fungi 361-68, 2003. Tracheal Bovine 81 Gram+ & Zimmermann etantimicrobial Gram−, al., Biochemistry peptide Fungi 34; 13663, 1995.AMP1 (MJ-AMP1) Garden four- 82 Gram+, Cammue et al., J. o'clock FungiBiol. Chem. 267; 2228-33, 1992. AMP2 (MJ-AMP2) Garden four- 83 Gram+,Cammue et al., J. o'clock Fungi Biol. Chem. 267; 2228-33, 1992. MBP-1Maize 84 Gram+ & Duvick et al., J. Gram−, Biol. Chem. 267; Fungi18814-20, 1992. AFP2 Rape 85 Fungi Terras et al., FEBS Lett. 316;233-40, 1993. AFP1 Turnip 86 Fungi Terras et al., FEBS Lett. 316;233-40, 1993. AFP2 Turnip 87 Fungi Terras et al., FEBS Lett. 316;233-40, 1993. ADENOREGULIN Two coloured leaf 88 Gram+ & Mor et al., EurJ frong Gram−, Biochem 219(1-2); Fungi 145-54, 1994. Protegrin 2 Pig 89Gram+ & Kokryakov et al., Gram−, FEBS Lett. 327; Virus, 231-36, 1993.Fungi Protegrin 3 Pig 90 Gram+ & Kokryakov et al., Gram−, FEBS Lett.327; Virus, 231-36, 1993. Fungi Histatin 1 Crab eating 91 Gram+ & Xu etal., J. Dent. macaque Gram−, Res 69; 1717-23, Fungi 1990. Peptide PGQAfrican clawed frog 92 Gram+ & Moore et al., J. Gram−, Biol. Chem. 266;Fungi 19851-57, 1991. Ranalexin Bull frog 93 Gram+ & Halverson et al.,Gram−, Peptides 21; 469- Fungi 76, 2000. GNCP-2 Guinea pig 94 Gram+ &Nagaoka et al., Gram−, FEBS Lett. 280; Virus, 287-91, 1991. FungiProtegrin 4 Pig 95 Gram+ & Zhao et al., FEBS Gram−, Lett. 346; 285-88,Virus, 1994. Fungi Protegrin 5 Pig 96 Gram+ & Zhao et al., FEBS Gram−,Lett. 368; 197-202, Virus, 1995. Fungi BMAP-27 Bovine 97 Gram+ &Skerlavaj et al., J. Gram−, Biol Chem. 271; Fungi 28375-81, 1996.BMAP-28 Bovine 98 Gram+ & Skerlavaj et al., J. Gram−, Biol Chem. 271;Fungi 28375-81, 1996. Buforin I Asian toad 99 Gram+ & Park et al.,Gram−, Biochem. Biophys. Fungi Res. Commun. 218; 408-13, 1996. BuforinII Asian toad 100 Gram+ & Yi et al., FEBS Gram−, Lett. 398; 87-90, Fungi1996. BMAP-34 Bovine 101 Gram+ & Scocchi et al., Gram−, FEBS Lett. Fungi417:311-315, 1997. Tricholongin Trichoderma 102 Gram+ & Rebuffat et al.,longibrachiatum Gram−, Eur. J. Biochem. Fungi 201; 661-74, 1991.Dermaseptin 1 Sauvage's leaf frog 103 Gram+ & Mor et al., Proc. Gram−,Natl. Acad. Sci. Fungi USA 91; 10295- 99, 1994. Pseudo-hevein Pararubber tree 104 Fungi Soedjanaatmadja (Minor hevin) et al., Biochim.Biophys. Acta 1209; 144-48, 1994. Gaegurin-1 Wrinkled frog 105 Gram+ &Park et al., Gram−, Biochem. Biophys. Fungi Res. Commun. 205; 948-54,1994. Skin peptide Two-colored leaf 106 Gram+ & Mor et al., Eur Jtyrosine-tyrosine frog Gram−, Biochem 219(1-2); Fungi 145-54, 1994.Penaeidin-1 Penoeid shrimp 107 Gram+ & Destoumieux et Gram−, al., Cell.Mol. Life Fungi Sci. 57; 1260-71, 2000. Neutrophil Golden hamster 108Gram+, Mak et al., Infect. defensin 1 (HANP- Fungi Immun. 64; 4444- 1)49, 1997. Neutrophil Golden hamster 109 Gram+, Mak et al., Infect.defensin 3 (HANP- Fungi Immun. 64; 4444- 3) 49, 1997. Misgurin Oriental110 Gram+ & Park et al., FEBS weatherfish Gram−, Lett. 411; 173-78,Fungi 1997. PN-AMP Japenese morning 111 Gram+, Koo et al., glory FungiBiochim. Biophys. Acta 1382; 80-90, 1998. Histone H2B-1 Rainbow trout112 Gram+ & Robinette et al., (HLP-1) Gram−, Cell. Mol. Life Sci.(Fragment) Fungi 54; 467-75, 1998. Histone H2b-3 Rainbow trout 113 FungiRobinette et al., (HLP-3) Cell. Mol. Life Sci. (Fragment) 54; 467-75,1998. Neutrophil Rhesus macaque 114 Gram+ & Tang et al., Infect.defensin 2 Gram−, Immun. 67; 6139- (RMAD-2) Fungi 44, 1999. TermicinPseudacanthotermes 115 Gram+, Lamberty et al., J. spiniger Fungi Biol.Chem. 376; 4085-92, 2001. Spingerin Pseudacanthotermes 116 Gram+ &Lamberty et al., J. spiniger Gram−, Biol. Chem. 376; Fungi 4085-92,2001. Aurein 1.1 Southern bell frog 117 Gram+ & Rozek et al., Eur.Gram−, J. Biochem. 267; Fungi 5330-41, 2000. Ponericin G! Ponerine ant118 Gram+ & Orivel et al., J. Gram−, Biol. Chem. 276; Fungi 17823-29,2001. Brevinin-1BB Rio Grande leopard 119 Gram+ & Goraya et al., Eur.frog Gram−, J. Biochem. 267; Fungi 894-900, 2000. Ranalexin-1CB Greefrog 120 Gram+ & Halverson et al., Gram−, Peptides 21; 469- Fungi 76,2000. Ranatuerin-2CA Green frog 121 Gram+ & Halverson et al., Gram−,Peptides 21; 469- Fungi 76, 2000. Ranatuerin-2CB Green frog 122 Gram+ &Halverson et al., Gram−, Peptides 21; 469- Fungi 76, 2000. GinkbilobinGinkgo 123 Gram+ & Wang et al., Gram−, Biochem. Biophys. Virus, Res.Commun. Fungi 279; 407-11, 2000. Alpha-basrubrin Malabar spinach 124Virus, Wang et al., (Fragment) Fungi Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 288;765-70, 2001. Pseudin 1 Paradoxical frog 125 Gram+ & Olson et al.,Gram−, Biochem. Biophys. Fungi Res. Commun. 288; 1001-05, 2001.Parabutoporin Scorpion 126 Gram+ & Moerman et al., Gram−, Eur. J.Biochem. Fungi, 269:4799-4810, Mammalian 2002. cells Opistoporin 1African yellow leg 127 Gram+ & Moerman et al., scorpion Gram−, Eur. J.Biochem. Fungi, 269:4799-4810, Mammalian 2002. cells Opistoporin 2African yellow leg 128 Gram+ & Moerman et al., scorpion Gram−, Eur. J.Biochem. Fungi, 269:4799-4810, Mammalian 2002. cells Histone H2A Rainbowtrout 129 Gram+, Fernandes et al., (fragment) Fungi Biochem. J. 368;611-20, 2002. Dolabellanin B2 Sea hare 130 Gram+ & Iijima et al., Dev.Gram−, Comp. Immunol. 0; Fungi 2002. Cecropin A Nocutuid moth 131 Gram+& Bulet et al., Gram−, submitted to Fungi SWISS-PROT data bank; 2002.HNP-5 Defensin Human 132 Gram+ & Jones et al., J. Gram−, Biol. Chem.367; Fungi 23216-25, 1992. HNP-6 Defensin Human 133 Gram+ & Jones etal., FEBS Gram−, Lett. 315; 187-92, Fungi 1993. Holotricin 3 Holotrichia134 Fungi Lee et al., Biol. diomphalia Pharm. Bull. 18; 1049-52, 1995.Lingual Bovine 135 Gram+ & Schonwetter et al., antimicrobial Gram−,Science 267; 1645- peptide Fungi 48, 1995. RatNP-3 Rat 136 Gram+ & Yountet al., J. Gram−, Immunol. 155; Virus, 4476-84, 1995. Fungi GNCP-1Guinea pig 137 Gram+ & Nagaoka et al., Gram−, DNA Seq. 4; 123- Virus,28, 1993. Fungi Penaeidin-4a Penoeid shrimp 138 Gram+ & Destoumieux etGram−, al., Cell. Mol. Life Fungi Sci. 57; 1260-71, 2000. HexapeptideBovine 139 Gram+ & Vogle et al., Gram−, Biochem. Cell Virus, Biol. 80;49-63, Fungi, 2002. Cancer cells P-18 140 Gram+ & Lee et al., ProteinGram−, Pept Lett 9(5); Fungi, 395-402, 2002. Cancer cells MUC7 20- MerHuman 141 Gram+ & Bobek et al., Gram−, Antimicrob Agents Fungi Chemother47(2); 643-52, 2003. Nigrocin 2 Rana nigromaculata 142 Gram+ & Park etal., FEBS Gram−, Lett 507(1); 95- Fungi 100, 2001. Nigrocin 1 Rananigromaculata 143 Gram+ & Park et al., FEBS Gram−, Lett 507(1); 95-Fungi 100, 2001. Lactoferrin (Lf) 144 Fungi Ueta et al., J Pept peptide2 Res 2001 57(3); 240-49, 2001. Ib-AMP3 Impatiens 145 Gram+, Ravi etal., J. Biol. balsamina Fungi Chem. 272; 24480- 87, 1997. Ib-AMP4Impatiens 146 Gram+ Ravi et al., J. Biol. balsamina Fungi Chem. 272;24480- 87, 1997. Dhvar4 Synthesis 147 Gram+ & Ruissen et al., Gram−,Peptides 2002 Fungi 23(8); 1391-99, 2002. Dhvar5 Synthesis 148 Gram+ &Ruissen et al., Gram−, Peptides 2002 Fungi 23(8); 1391-99, 2002.Synthetic 149 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 150Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 151 Fungi U.S.application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 152 Fungi U.S. applicationSer. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 153 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No.10/601,207 Synthetic 154 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207Synthetic 155 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 156Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 157 Fungi U.S.application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 158 Fungi U.S. applicationSer. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 159 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No.10/601,207 Synthetic 160 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207Synthetic 161 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 162Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 163 Fungi U.S.application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 164 Fungi U.S. applicationSer. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 165 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No.10/601,207 Synthetic 166 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207Synthetic 167 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 168Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 169 Fungi U.S.application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 170 Fungi U.S. applicationSer. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 171 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No.10/601,207 Synthetic 172 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207Synthetic 173 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 174Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 175 Fungi U.S.application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 176 Fungi U.S. applicationSer. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 177 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No.10/601,207 Synthetic 178 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207Synthetic 179 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 180Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 181 Fungi U.S.application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 182 Fungi U.S. applicationSer. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 183 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No.10/601,207 Synthetic 184 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207Synthetic 185 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 186Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 187 Fungi U.S.application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 188 Fungi U.S. applicationSer. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 189 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No.10/601,207 Synthetic 190 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207Synthetic 191 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 192Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 193 Fungi U.S.application Ser. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 194 Fungi U.S. applicationSer. No. 10/601,207 Synthetic 195 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No.10/601,207 Synthetic 196 Fungi U.S. application Ser. No. 10/601,207Synthetic 197 Gram+ & U.S. application Ser. No. Gram−, 10/601,207 FungiSynthetic 198 Gram+ & U.S. application Ser. No. Gram−, 10/601,207 FungiSynthetic 199 Gram+ & U.S. application Ser. No. Gram−, 10/601,207 Fungi

A natural source may provide additional sequences to be used for amaterial formulation (e.g., a coating additive). In some embodiments,the use of a natural antifungal products isolated in commercial quantityfrom a microorganism may use a large-scale cell culture (e.g., cultureof an antifungal agent-producing microorganism) for the production andpurification of the peptidic (e.g., an antifungal) product. In someaspects, the cultural isolate responsible for the production of theendogenously produced proteinaceous molecule (e.g., an antifungalpeptidic agent) may be batch-cultured. In some facets, a purificationtechnique and/or strategy, such as those described herein and/or in theart, may be used purify the active product to a reasonable (e.g.,desired) level of homogeneity. However, in some aspects, a naturallyderived peptidic agent (e.g., an antifungal agent) may co-purify with anunwanted microbial byproducts, especially a byproduct which may beundesirably toxic. Purification of an endogenously producedproteinaceous composition may result in a racemized mixture wherein oneor more stereoisomer(s) are active, and/or wherein a disulfide linkagemay occur (e.g., a disulfide linkage between peptide monomers). When adesirable naturally occurring proteinaceous molecule (e.g., anantifungal protein, an antifungal polypeptide, an antifungal peptide)may be isolated, for example, and the amino acid sequences at leastpartially identified, synthesis of the native molecule, or portionsthereof, may use a specific disulfide bond formation, a high histidinerequirement, and so forth. Of course, once a proteinaceous molecule issequence is identified, and/or a nucleotide sequence for a proteinaceousmolecule is isolated, it then may be recombinantly expressed usingtechniques described herein and/or in the art.

Example 23: This Example describes assay protocols for evaluatingantifungal coatings. It is contemplated that such assays may be adaptedto also assay other types of material formulations comprising variousbiomolecule composition(s) and activity against other types ofbiological cells.

A suitable assay protocol for evaluating a coating comprising anantifungal agent which may be applied in assaying an antifungal peptideis described by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) inD-5590-94 (“Standard Test Method for Determining the Resistance of PaintFilms and Related Coatings to Fungal Defacement by Accelerated Four-WeekAgar Plate Assay”). The assay method may be modified as indicated below,and generally comprises: preparing a set of four 1×10 cm aluminumcoupons approximately 1/32 in thick will be prepared as follows: (1)blank Al coupon; (2) Al coupon coated with an aqueous solution of apeptide produced and identified as described herein, and allowed to dry;(3) Al coupon coated on both sides with a base paint composition,allowed to dry, and then the paint film will be coated with a likeamount of the same test peptide solution as applied to coupon 2; and (4)Al coupon painted with a paint mixture comprising the same base paintcomposition as for coupon 3 and a like amount of the peptide, as forcoupons 2 and 3. Duplicate or triplicate sets of these specimens may beprepared. Optionally, a conventional biocide may be included as apositive control. The base paint composition may be any suitablewater-based latex paint, without biocides, which is available from anumber of commercial suppliers.

Each of the specimens from (a) will be placed on a bed of nutrient agarand uniformly innoculated with a fungal suspension. An example testorganism comprises a Fusarium oxysporum. The fungal suspension may beapplied by atomizer or by pipet, however a thin layer of nutrient agarmixed with the fungal innoculum may be used. The specimens are incubatedat about 28° C. under 85 to 90% relative humidity for 4 weeks. Fungalgrowth on each specimen is often rated weekly as follows: None=0; tracesof growth (<10% coverage)=1; light growth (10-30%)=2; moderate growth(30-60%)=3; and heavy growth (60% to complete coverage)=4.

Another suitable assay protocol for testing the antifungal properties ofa coating or paint film containing an antifungal peptide is described bythe ASTM in D-5590-94 (“Standard Test Method for Resistance to Growth ofMold on the Surface of Interior Coatings in an Environmental Chamber”).The testing protocol generally includes:

Preparation of the Coated Surface. Duplicate or triplicate sets ofapproximately ½ in. thick, 3×4 in. untreated wooden or gypsum boardpanels will be prepared as follows: (1) blank panel; (2) coated with anaqueous solution of a peptide produced and identified as describedherein, and allowed to dry; (3) coated on both sides with a base paintcomposition, allowed to dry, and then the paint film is coated with alike amount of the same test peptide solution as applied to panel 2; and(4) painted with a paint mixture containing the same base paintcomposition as for panel 3 and a like amount of the peptide, as forpanels 2 and 3. Optionally, a conventional biocide may be included as apositive control.

Contamination: The panels will be randomly arranged and suspended in anenvironmental cabinet above moist soil that has been inoculated with thedesired fungus, usually a Fusarium oxysporum. Enough free space isprovided to allow free circulation of air and avoiding contact betweenthe panels and the walls of the cabinet.

Incubation: The panels will be incubated for two weeks at 30.5-33.5° C.and 95-98% humidity.

Scoring: A set of panels (test, control, and, optionally, a positivecontrol) will be removed for analysis at intervals, usually weekly. Themold growth on the specimen panels may be rated as described above.

Alternatively, one or more equivalent testing protocols may be employed,and field assays of coating compositions containinglaboratory-identified antifungal peptide(s) and/or candidate peptide(s)may be carried out in accordance with conventional methods of the art.

Example 24: This Example describes assay protocols for evaluating alatex paint comprising an antifungal peptidic agent. It is contemplatedthat such assays may be adapted to also assay other types of materialformulations comprising various biomolecule composition(s) and activityagainst other types of biological cells.

Both the interior latex (Olympic Premium, flat, ultra white, 72001) andacrylic paints (Sherwin Williams DTM, primer/finish, white, B66W1;136-1500) appeared to be toxic to both Fusarium and Aspergillus.Therefore, eight individual wells (48-well microtito plate) of eachpaint type were extracted on a daily basis with 1 ml of phosphate bufferfor 5 days (1-4 & 6) and then allowed the plates were allowed to drybefore running the assay. Each well contained 16 ul of respective paint.

Extract testing: The extract from two wells each of the two paints foreach day was tested for toxicity by mixing the extract 1:1 with 2×medium and inoculating with spores (104) of Aspergillus or Fusarium. Theextracts had no affect on growth of either test fungus.

Well testing: The extracted and non-extracted wells for each of thepaints were tested with a range of inoculum levels in growth mediumusing the two different fungi. For Fusarium the range was 10¹-10⁴ andfor Aspergillus 10²-10⁵.

Well Testing of Acrylic Paint Plates: Both Fusarium and Aspergillus grewin all extracted wells at all inoculum levels. Only Aspergillus grew innon-extracted wells at the 10⁵ level and not at lower levels indicativeof an inherent biocidal capability.

Well Testing of Latex Paint Plates: Fusarium grew in the extracted wellsonly at the 10⁴ inoculum level but not at 10¹-10³ . Aspergillus grew inall extracted wells showing an inoculum level effect. No growth wasobserved for either Fusarium or Aspergillus in non-extracted wells.

Conclusion: Extraction of the toxic factor(s) found in both paints waspossible. However, it appeared that it may be less extractable from thelatex paint.

Evaluation of peptide activity in presence of acrylic and latex paints:It was established that it was possible to extract both acrylic andlatex paints dried in a 48-well format to make them non-toxic to thetest microorganisms—Fusarium and Aspergillus. Using that information anexperiment was designed to determine the effect the paint has on peptideactivity against two test organisms.

Experimental design: Coat 48-well plastic plates with 16 μl of acrylicor latex paint. Dry for two days under hood. Extract designated wellswith 1-ml phosphate buffer changing the buffer on a daily basis for 7days. Control wells were not extracted to confirm paint toxicity. Add 20μl of peptide series in duplicate to designated dry paint coated wells.Peptide, SEQ ID No. 41, series were added in a two-fold dilution seriesto wells and allowed to dry. The concentration of peptide added rangedfrom 200 μg/20 μl to 1.5 μg/20 μl.

Inoculated paint-coated plates as follows: Extracted control wellsreceived 180 μl of medium+20 μl of spore suspension (10⁴ spores/20 μl ofmedium). Inoculum was either Fusarium or Aspergillus in each case.Non-extracted control wells received 180 μl of medium+20 μl of sporesuspension (10⁴ spores/20 μl of medium). Extract wells with driedpeptide series received 180 μl of medium+20 μl of spore suspension (10⁴spores/20 μl of medium). In duplicate. Extract wells that did not havedried peptide series received 160 μl of medium+20 μl of spore suspension(10⁴/20 μl of medium)+20 μl peptide series as above. In duplicate.Plates were observed for growth over a 5-day period.

Growth and peptide controls: Use sterile non-paint coated 48 wellplastic plates. Growth control wells for each test fungus received 180μl of medium+20 μl of spore suspension (104 spores/20 μl of medium).Peptide activity controls received 160 μl of medium+20 μl of sporesuspension (10⁴ spores/20 μl of medium)+20 μl peptide series as above.Peptide series were added in a two-fold dilution series to wells andrange from 200 μg/20 μl to 1.5 μg/20 μl. Therefore, the range of peptidetested was 200 μg/200 μl or 1.0 μg/μl (1000 μg/ml) to 0.0075 μg/μl (7.5μg/ml). Uninnoculated medium served as blank for absorbance readingstaken at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h.

Results: Unextracted wells containing either latex or acrylic paintinhibited growth of both Fusarium and Aspergillus. Extracted wellscontaining either latex or acrylic paint allowed growth of both Fusariumand Aspergillus. The calculated MIC for Fusarium in peptide activitycontrol experiments was 15.62 μg/ml. For Aspergillus the calculated MICwas 61.4 μg/ml.

For extracted acrylic-coated plates the following results were obtained.Controls as stated in above. For Fusarium with dried peptide, inhibitionwas seen at 1000 and 500 μg/ml after 5 days. Spores exposed to liquidpeptide added to dry paint wells were inhibited at 1000, 500 and 250μg/ml after 4 days, and 1000 and 500 μg/ml after 5 days. For Aspergilluswith dried peptide, inhibition was seen at 1000 μg/ml after 5 days.Spores exposed to liquid peptide added to dry paint wells were inhibitedat 1000 and 500 μg/ml after 5 days.

For extracted latex-coated plates the following results were obtained.Controls as stated above. For Fusarium with dried peptide, inhibitionwas seen at 1000 μg/ml after 5 days. Spores exposed to liquid peptideadded to dry paint wells were inhibited at 1000 μg/ml after 5 days. ForAspergillus with dried peptide, inhibition was seen at 1000 μg/ml after5 days. Spores exposed to liquid peptide added to dry paint wells wereinhibited at 1000 μg/ml after 5 days.

Example 25: This Example describes combinations of an antibiologicalproteinaceous composition and an antibiological agent such as a standardpreservative.

A material formulation (e.g., a paint composition) comprising one ormore conventional antibiological substance(s) (e.g., a preservative, anantimicrobial agent, an antifungal substance) may be modified byaddition of one or more of the antibiological proteinaceouscomposition(s) (e.g., an antifungal peptide) described herein. Forexample, combining a non-peptidic antibiological agent (e.g., antifungalagent) with one or more antibiological proteinaceous molecule(s) (e.g.,an antifungal peptide) may provide antifungal activity over and abovethat seen with either the proteinaceouos or the non-peptidic agentalone. The expected additive inhibitory activity of the combination iscalculated by summing the inhibition levels of each component alone. Thecombination is then assayed on the assay organism to derive an observedadditive inhibition. If the observed additive inhibition is greater thanthat of the expected additive inhibition, synergy is exhibited. Forexample, a synergistic combination of a proteinaceous molecule (e.g., analiquot of a peptide library, a peptide) comprising at least oneantibiological proteinaceous molecule (e.g., an antifungal peptide)occurs when two or more cell (e.g., fungal cell) growth-inhibitorysubstances distinct from the proetinaceous molecule are observed to bemore inhibitory to the growth of an assay organism than the sum of theinhibitory activities of the individual components alone.

An example of an assay method for determining additive or synergisticcombinations comprises first creating a synthetic peptide combinatoriallibrary. Each aliquot of the library represents an equimolar mixture ofpeptides in which at least the two C-terminal amino acid residues areknown. Using the testing methods described in one or more of U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,020,312, 5,885,782, and 5,602,097 it is possible to determine foreach such aliquot of the synthetic peptide combinatorial library, aprecisely calculated concentration at which it will inhibit an assayedfungus in a coating. Next, the aliquot of the synthetic peptidecombinatorial library is mixed with at least one non-peptide antifungalcompound to create an assay mixture. As with the peptide component ofthe mixture, the baseline ability of the non-peptide antifungalsubstance to inhibit the test fungus is determined initially. Next, theassay fungus is contacted with the assay mixture, and the inhibition ofgrowth of the assay organism is measured as compared to at least oneuntreated control. More controls are desirable, such as a control foreach individual component of the mixture. Similarly, where there aremore than two components being tested, the number of controls to be usedmust be increased in a manner in the art of growth inhibition assays.From the separate assay results for the peptidic and the non-peptidicagent(s) the expected additive effect on inhibition of growth isdetermined using standard techniques. After the growth inhibitionassay(s) are complete for the combination of peptidic and thenon-peptidic agent(s), the actual or observed effect on the inhibitionof growth is determined. The expected additive effect and the observedeffect are then compared to determine whether a synergistic inhibitionof growth of the test fungus has occurred. The methods used to detectsynergy may utilize non-peptide antimicrobial agents in combination withthe inhibitory peptides described herein.

Example 26: This Example describes coating a surface to inhibit fungusinfestation and growth.

When anchorage, food and moisture are available, a cell such as amicroorganism (e.g., a fungus) are able to survive where temperaturespermit. Susceptible surfaces may include a porous material such as astone, a brick, a wall board (e.g., a sheetrock) and/or a ceiling tile;a semi-porous material, including a concrete, an unglazed tile, astucco, a grout, a painted surface, a roofing tile, a shingle, a paintedand/or a treated wood and/or a textile; or a combination thereof. Anytype of indoor object, outdoor object, structure and/or material thatmay be capable of providing anchorage, food and moisture to fungal cellsis potentially vulnerable to infestation with mold, mildew or otherfungus. Moisture generally appears due to condensation on surfaces thatare at or below the dew point for a given relative humidity.

To inhibit or prevent fungus infestation and growth, one or moreantifungal peptidic agents described herein (e.g., approximately250-1000 mg/L of the hexapeptide of SEQ ID No. 41), may be dissolved orsuspended in water and applied by simply brushing and/or spraying thesolution onto a pre-painted surface such as an exterior wall that may besusceptible to mold infestation. Conventional techniques for applying ortransferring a coating material to a surface in the art are suitable forapplying the antifungal peptide composition. The selected peptide(s)have activity for inhibiting or preventing the growth of one or moretarget fungi. The applied peptide solution is then dried on the paintedsurface, preferably by allowing it to dry under ambient conditions. Ifdesired, drying can be facilitated with a stream of warm, dry air.Optionally, the application procedure may be repeated one or more timesto increase the amount of antifungal peptide that is deposited per unitarea of the surface. As a result of the treatment, when the treatedsurface is subsequently subjected to the target mold organisms or sporesand growth promoting conditions comprising humidity above about typicalindoor ambient humidity, presence of nutrients, and temperature aboveabout typical indoor ambient temperature and not exceeding about 38° C.,the ability of the surface to resistance fungal infestation and growthis enhanced compared to its pre-painted condition before application ofthe antifungal peptide.

A simple spray-coated surface may provide sufficient durability forcertain applications such as surfaces that are exposed to weathering,though longer-term protection may be provided against adhesion andgrowth of mold by mixing one or more of the antifungal peptides with abase paint or other coating composition, which may be any suitable,commercially available product in the art. The base composition may befree of chemicals and other additives that are toxic to humans oranimals, and/or that fail to comply with applicable environmental safetyrules or guidelines. The typical components, additives and properties ofconventional paints and coating materials, and film-forming techniques,of the art, described herein, and/or described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/655,345 filed Sep. 4, 2003, U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/792,516 filed Mar. 3, 2004, and U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/884,355 filed Jul. 2, 2004, may be used.

If additional, long-term protection against growth and adhesion of amold, a mildew and/or a fungus is desired, the paint or other coatingcomposition may include a barrier material that resists moisturepenetration and also prevents or deters penetration and adhesion of themicroorganisms and the airborne contaminants which serve as food for thegrowing organisms. Some typical water repellent components are anacrylic, a siliconate, a metal-stearate, a silane, a siloxane and/or aparaffinic wax. The user will preferably take additional steps to determold infestation include avoiding moisture from water damage, excessivehumidity, water leaks, condensation, water infiltration and flooding,and taking reasonable steps to avoid buildup of organic matter on thetreated surface.

Example 27: This Example describes a method of treating afungus-infested surface.

In situations where existing fungal growth is present, the mold coloniesand/or spores may be removed and/or substantially eliminated beforeapplication of one of an antifungal coating, it is expected that in somesituations an antifungal compositions may be applied to existing moldinfected surfaces. In this case, the composition, comprising one or moreantifungal peptides, may inhibit, arrest the growth of, or substantiallyeradicate the mold. Early detection and treatment is highly preferred inorder to minimize the associated discoloration or other deterioration ofthe underlying surface due to mold growth. The treatment procedure maycomprise applying one or more coats of an antifungal peptide solutionand/or a coating composition (e.g., a paint) as described herein.

Example 28: This Example describes an impregnating a porous substrate toinhibit cell (e.g., fungus) growth.

A porous and/or a semi-porous object and/or a material, such as a paper,wood, a fabric, a carpet, some types of stone, and many other items thatare employed indoors and/or outdoors, have internal surface areas thatcan be susceptible to infestation e.g., mold infestation) and are verydifficult to treat effectively by conventional methods. A surfacetreatment (e.g., a coating material, a non-coating surface treatment, aliquid component comprising an antibiological agent) comprising one ormore antibiological agents (e.g., an antifungal peptide, an enzyme) maybe used to impregnate such an object, as described herein. The liquidityof the composition may be such that it is capable of penetrating intothe pores of the object. In this way, an effective amount of theantibiological agent (e.g., an antifungal peptide) becomes deposited onthe internal surfaces as well as the exterior ones. Circumstancesrequiring treatment of a porous surface may benefit from using arelatively thin material (e.g., a thin surface treatment, a thin coatingmaterial, a liquid component comprising an antibiological agent) ratherthan a thick, pigmented paint, in order to facilitate penetration of thepores.

Example 29: This Example describes a coating a fruit or grain storagevessel to inhibit mold.

The interior wall(s) of a grain silo, a fruit storage, a grain storage,and/or a transportation tank may be coated with a peptidic antifungalmaterial described herein (e.g., a peptidic antifungal composition, acoating comprising an antifungal peptide) to deter the attachment andgrowth of mold organisms inside the container. By selecting antifungalpeptides that target specific organisms, and that may be non-toxic to ahuman and/or an animal, mold contamination of a wide variety ofagricultural products may be deterred.

Example 30: This Example is directed to the assay for active phosphorictriester hydrolase expression in cells. Routine analysis of parathionhydrolysis in whole cells is accomplished by suspending cultures in 10milli-Molar (“mM”) Tris hydrocholoride at pH 8.0 comprising 1.0 mMsodium EDTA (“TE buffer”). Cell-free extracts are assayed usingsonicated extracts in 0.5 milliLiters (“ml”) of TE buffer. The suspendedcells or cell extracts are incubated with 10 microLiters (“μl”) ofsubstrate, specifically 100 μg of parathion in 10% methanol, andp-nitrophenol production is monitored at a wavelength of 400 nm. Toinduce the opd gene under lac control, 1.0 μmol ofisopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (Sigma) per ml is added to theculture media.

Example 31: This Example is directed to the preparation of an enzymepowder. In a typical preparation, a single colony of bacteria thatexpresses the opd gene is selected and cultured in a rich media. Aftergrowth to saturation, the cells are concentrated by centrifugation at7000 rotations per minute (“rpm”) for 10 minutes for example. The cellpellet is then resuspended in a volatile organic solvent such as acetoneone or two times to desiccate the cells and to remove a substantialportion of the water contained in the cell pellet. The pellet may thenbe ground or milled to a powder form. The powder may be frozen or storedat ambient conditions for future use, or may be added immediately to asurface coating formulation. Additionally, the powder may be freezedried, combined with a cryoprotectant (e.g., cryopreservative), or acombination thereof.

Example 32: This Example is directed to the formation of an OPH powderand latex coating. In an example of use of the powder prepared asdescribed in Example 10, 3 mg of the milled powder was added to 3 ml of50% glycerol. The suspension was then added to 100 ml of Olympic®premium interior flat latex paint (Olympic®, One PPG Place, Pittsburgh,Pa. 15272 USA). This paint with biomolecule composition was then used todemonstrate the activity of the paint biomolecule composition inhydrolysis of a pesticide or a nerve agent analog.

Example 33: This Example demonstrates, in a first set of assays, a paintproduct as prepared in Example 32 was applied to a hard, metal surface.The surface used in the present Example was a non-galvanized steelsurface that was cleaned through being degreased, and pretreated with aprimer coat. A control surface was painted with the identical paint withno biomolecule composition. Paraoxon, an organophosphorus nerve gasanalog was used as an indicator of enzyme activity. Paraoxon, which iscolorless, is degraded to form p-nitrophenol, which is yellow in color,plus diethyl phosphate, thus giving a visual indication of enzymeactivity. In multiple assays, the surface with control paint remainedwhite, indicating no production of p-nitrophenol, and the surfacepainted with the paint and biomolecule composition turned yellow withinminutes, indicating an active OPH enzyme in the paint. Thisdemonstration has shown that the surface remains active for more than 65days, which was the maximum duration of the protocol.

In a further demonstration, the surfaces were treated as described aboveand each surface was then treated with paraoxon, an OP insecticide.Approximately 100 flies were then placed on each surface under a plasticcover. In each procedure, within three hours, virtually all the flies onthe control surface with no paint biomolecule composition were killed bythe paraoxon. In contrast, approximately 5% of the flies on the enzymecomprising surface had died.

In a demonstration of enzyme stability in the paint, a series of wooddowels were dipped into the paint comprising OPH enzyme composition. Thedowels were then placed in tubes containing paraoxon to indicate enzymeactivity as described above. In each case, a positive yellow color wasseen except in those dowels painted with no biomolecule composition ascontrols. The control solution remained clear in every case.

To demonstrate the shelf life of both the dry biomolecule compositionand the paint with biomolecule composition, the biomolecule compositionwas aged from 0 to 20 days prior to mixing in the paint. The mixed paintand biomolecule composition was then also aged from 0 to 20 prior topainting individual dowels. The enzyme composition retained strongactivity after 20 days aging prior to being mixed in the paint, and for20 days after mixing the maximum time used in the assay.

Example 34: This Example relates to a NATO demonstration of Somandetoxification using an OPH coated surface. At the Sep. 22, 2002,meeting of the NATO Army Armaments Group in Cazaux, France, paintedmetal surfaces were assayed with soman using standard NATO proceduresand protocols. For the assays, 10 cm×10 cm metal plates primed withstandard NATO specification paints were coated with paint containingOPH. Control plates plus two different versions of the OPH enzymecomposition differing in soman detoxification specificity were used.These surfaces were allowed to dry for several hours at room temperatureand then assayed according to standard NATO assay protocol (describedbelow), modified to account for the character of the surfaces treatedwith a paint comprising OPH.

The form of OPH in the biomolecule composition contains both the changesof the previously described H254R mutant and the H257L mutant, and iscorresponding designated the “H254R, H257L mutant.” The H254R, H257Lmutant demonstrates a several-fold enhanced rates of R VX catalysisrelative to either the H254R mutant or the H257L mutant, and a 20-foldenhancement of activity relative to wild-type OPH. This version of theOPH biomolecule composition has been assayed in paints treated withsoman or R—VX, and are described below.

Following standard protocols, OPD painted surfaces were uniformlycontaminated with an isopropanol solution containing the chemicalwarfare agent soman. The concentration of soman on each contaminatedsurface was 1.0 mg/cm2. The contaminated plates were maintained at orslightly above room temperature (>20° C.) without any forced air-flowfor various periods of time. A zero-time, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 45minutes sample was taken for each control and biomoleculecomposition-containing plate series. To terminate the reaction andisolate residual soman on the plate surface, each plate was submerged ina container of isopropanol at the end-point and placed on a shaker tothoroughly extract any residual nerve agent. The solubilized portionswere then quantified for soman. These assays showed that both the formsof OPH biomolecule composition were effective in detoxifying soman onmetal surfaces. The two different OPH biomolecule compositions assayeddetoxified the soman at levels over 65% and 77% after 45 minutes (NatoArmy Armaments Group Project Group 31 on Non-Corrosive,Biotechnology-Based Decontaminants for CBW Agents, 2002). Additionalassays with a CWA simulant indicated that had the NATO assay run for oneto two hours, substantially all of the soman would have been detoxified.

Example 35: This Example relates to a demonstration of an OPHbiomolecule composition at Aberdeen Proving Ground (SBCCOM) in Aberdeen,Md. In these assays, a primed wooden stick was coated with paintcontaining OPH biomolecule composition. The painted sticks used were 2milimeter (“mm”) in diameter×15 mm in length. By estimating that thepaint layer was 0.25 mm thick, the resulting surface area wasapproximately 125 mm2. After coating the stick with paint containing OPHbiomolecule composition and allowing the paint to dry, the coated stickwas inserted into a microfuge tube containing 100 ml of 3.24 mM RussianVX agent in saline and 900 ml phosphate buffer at pH 8.3. The tubescontaining R—VX and the painted sticks were allowed to sit overnight ina hood at room temperature. Appropriate controls were runsimultaneously.

The following morning, the contents of the microfuge tubes were assayedfor free thiols by the Ellman method. 10 mM DTNB [molecular weight(“MW”) 396.3] was prepared in 10 mM phosphate buffer at pH 8.0 for useas the indicator of enzyme activity. OPH paint's cleavage of R VXreleases a free thiol that reacts with DNTP to produce a colored productdetectable spectrophotometrically at 405 nm. Ten ml of the microfugetube contents, 100 ml DTNB solution and 890 ml phosphate buffer at pH8.3 were read for thiol release at 405 nm using a Varian Carey 300Spectrophotometer. The spectrophotometer was blanked with an unpaintedstick control reaction. The molar equivalent of the R—VX hydrolyzed wasdetermined using an extinction coefficient of 14,150 and theBeer-Lambert equation to calculate the product concentration. Resultsindicated that overnight exposure to OPH paint coated sticks resulted indecontamination of Russian VX from 32.4 mM in the original tube to lessthan 1 mM.

Example 36: This Example demonstrates the use of a coating comprising alipase, and the enzymatic activity conferred to the coating comprisingthe lipase by detection of triglyceride breakdown through monitoring pH.

The equipment/reagents were as follows: pH meter; shaker; Lightin LabMaster paint mixer; phenol red (Sigma-Aldrich; Catalog #—P3532), 1.128mM in distilled water, pH=7.0; lipase (Sigma-Aldrich; Catalog #—L3126),Sherwin Williams acrylic latex paint; sodium hydroxide; hydrochloricacid; isopropyl alcohol; and vegetable oil. The solutions used inmeasuring pH changes included a phenol red stock solution, 1.128 mM indistilled water, pH=7.0.

The procedure for preparation of the surfaces coated with paint eithercomprising lipase or not (control paint) was as follows: first, 100mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 0 mg/ml lipase solutions in paint were made;second, solutions were mixed for 3 minutes; third, paints were spread to8 mils thickness and allowed to dry for 96 hours, and fourth, 1 cm×4 cmcoupons were cut from the paint film.

The pre-experimental set-up included the following steps: first, a 1cm×4 cm piece of film of each lipase concentration was placed in a 15 mleppendorf tube in triplicate; second, 10 ml ddH₂O was added inside theeppendorf tube; third, tubes on shaker were set for 24 hours, andfourth, after 24 hours, the water from the tube was removed and the filmplaced in a new 15 ml eppendorf tube. For measuring the control paint(no lipase) samples, the following steps were conducted: first, 5 ml ofphenol red stock solution was added into a 15 ml eppendorf tube; second,5 ml of phenol red stock solution with 100 μl vegetable oil was addedinto a 15 ml eppendorf tube; third, a 1 cm×4 cm piece of paint film (nolipase) from both the washed and non-washed films was added into a 15 mleppendorf tube in triplicate; fourth, 5 ml of the phenol red stocksolution was added into the 15 ml eppendorf tubes along with 100 μlvegetable oil; and fifth, the tubes were set on a shaker for 24 hours.To measure the paint samples comprising lipase: first, a 1 cm×4 cm pieceof the 50 mg/ml paint film, both washed and unwashed, was added into a15 ml eppendorf tube; second, a 1 cm×4 cm piece of the 100 mg/ml paintfilm, both washed and unwashed, was added into a 15 ml eppendorf tube;third, 5 ml of the Phenol Red stock solution was added into each tubealong with 100 μl vegetable oil; and fourth, the tubes were set onshaker for 24 hours. For both the control paint and lipase paintsamples, the pH of each sample was recorded at 24 hours.

Phenol Red comprises a pH indicator that is yellow in color below pH 6.8and red in color above pH 8.2. Setting the pH at 7.0 right before the6.8 end point would demonstrate a color change if the solution becomesslightly more acidic. If in fact the triglycerides are being broken downinto free fatty acids by lipase, the pH of the solution should go down,thus exhibiting a color change. In the presence of a paint film with nolipase, the pH of the phenol red solution rose from 7 to almost 9. ThepH of the tubes with lipase in them were both substantially lower thanthe control tubes, demonstrating that the triglycerides were broken downinto fatty acids, decreasing the pH of the solutions. All lipaseimpregnated coatings demonstrated catalytic activity. Washing thecoating films with water decreased their effectiveness but the filmswere still active. Further, vegetable oil was spread over panels thatwere either control (no lipase) or lipase impregnated. After a day, thelipase impregnated panels were dry while the control panels were stillvisibly full of oil. It is also contemplated that greater loads oflipase, such as, for example, 200 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, and 50 mg/ml lipase,may be used.

TABLE 61 Samples No washing cycle pH 24 hr washing cycle Sample at 24 hrpH at 24 hr Control 8.87 + 0.01 8.78 + 0.04 50 mg/ml Lipase 6.80 + 0.057.25 + 0.21 100 mg/ml Lipase 6.70 + 0.05 6.63 + 0.07

TABLE 62 pH Buffer Sample pH Phenol Red 7.07 Phenol Red w/oil 7.08

Example 37: This Example demonstrates the use of a coating comprising alipase, and the enzymatic activity conferred to the coating comprisingthe lipase by detection of the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl palmitatethrough monitoring pH.

The equipment/reagents were as follows: 40 mM CHES Buffer; bring topH=9.0 with NaOH; 4-nitrophenyl palmitate (Sigma Product #N2752), 14.5mM solution in isopropyl alcohol; 4-nitrophenyl acetate; lipase fromporcine pancreas (Sigma Product #L3126); Sherwin-Williams acrylic latexpaint; 2 mL microtubes; paint spreader (1-8 mils); polypropylene blocks;Lightnin Labmaster Mixer; rotator shaker; pipettes and pipetteman; andcentrifuge.

The following paint formulations were evaluated: Sherwin-WilliamsAcrylic Latex Control (no additive), and Sherwin-Williams Acrylic Latexwith 100 mg/mL lipase. The paints were mixed in a plastic 50 mleppendorf tube with a glass stirring rod for three minutes followed by apaint mixer for three minutes. The paints were spread with a milsspreader to 8 mils thickness onto polypropylene surfaces and wereallowed to dry a minimum of 72 hours prior to assay. Coupons weregenerated as free films from the polypropylene surfaces.

The procedure for the preparation of the blank (control) samples was:adding 500 ul 40 mM CHES, 400 ul ddH₂O, and 100 ul 14.5 mM p-nitrophenylpalmitate to a 2 ml microtube. The procedure for preparation of theexperimental (comprising lipase) samples was: cutting the following freefilm sizes for the 100 mg/ml lipase films—1 cm×3 cm, 1 cm×2 cm, and 1cm×1 cm, and for the control film (no lipase)—1 cm×3 cm; placing thefree films into labeled 2 mL microtubes, where each of the coupon sizeswere tested in triplicate; adding 500 ul 40 mM CHES to each microtube;adding 400 ul ddH₂O to each microtube; adding 100 ul 14.5 mMp-nitrophenyl palmitate to each microtube; and setting microtubes on ashaker. At each time point, tubes were placed in a centrifuge for 5minutes at 13,000 RPM. A 100 ul was removed from each tube and theabsorbance of the reaction product p-nitrophenol read at 405 nm in a96-well plate.

The tables below shows the activity of each sample. The measured ratesof reaction for the free films without any lipase were essentiallybaseline, exhibiting no destruction of the 4-nitrophenol palmitate. Alllipase impregnated coatings demonstrated catalytic activity. Thespecific activity per centimeter basis was consistent within thedifferent sample sizes.

TABLE 63A Lipase Activity in Sherwin-Williams Latex pNP Absorbance at405 nm Time (min) 1 cm × 3 cm Lipase 1 cm × 2 cm Lipase 1 cm × 1 cmLipase   1 0.2314 0.3159 0.2781 0.3146 0.4118 0.3865 0.4265 0.31410.2917  30 0.2511 0.3337 0.2615 0.2850 0.3465 0.3523 0.3849 0.27230.3136  60 0.2625 0.3365 0.2794 0.2984 0.3451 0.3494 0.3833 0.28260.2873  120 0.2674 0.3351 0.3180 0.2960 0.3342 0.3361 0.3680 0.28670.2657  210 0.2949 0.3502 0.3057 0.2946 0.3306 0.3304 0.3527 0.27920.2329 1200 0.4051 0.5281 0.4568 0.3361 0.3308 0.3374 0.3016 0.30660.2159

TABLE 63B Lipase Activity in Sherwin-Williams Latex pNP Absorbance at405 nm Time (min) 1 cm × 3 cm Control Blank 1 0.3718 0.4458 0.23270.3154 0.4142 0.3773 30 0.3119 0.3631 0.2172 0.2757 0.3442 0.3069 600.2852 0.3380 0.2025 0.2674 0.3307 0.2767 120 0.2473 0.2572 0.17070.2748 0.3259 0.2780 210 0.1707 0.1996 0.1542 0.2621 0.3007 0.2616 12000.0541 0.0552 0.0590 0.2374 0.2640 0.2264

TABLE 64 Lipase Average Activity in Sherwin-Williams Latex pNPAbsorbance at 405 nm Time Lipase Control (min) 1 cm × 3 cm 1 cm × 3 cmBlank 1 0.2751 0.3501 0.3690 30 0.2821 0.2974 0.3089 60 0.2928 0.27520.2916 120 0.3068 0.2251 0.2929 210 0.3169 0.1748 0.2748 1200 0.46330.0561 0.2426

TABLE 65A Lipase Activity in Sherwin-Williams Latex pNP Absorbance at405 nm Time (min) 1 cm × 3 cm Lipase 1 cm × 2 cm Lipase 1 cm × 1 cmLipase 0 30 0.1685 0.2200 0.1654 0.2135 0.1494 0.1457 0.1271 0.07110.1389 60 0.2287 0.1822 0.2027 0.1570 0.2008 0.1554 0.1500 0.1284 0.0758120 0.2044 0.2208 0.2487 0.1694 0.1926 0.2007 0.1126 0.0771 0.0859 2250.2521 0.2621 0.2620 0.2707 0.1920 0.1746 0.1779 0.1654 0.1611 12000.3917 0.3579 0.3735 0.2315 0.2607 0.2682 0.1335 0.1702 0.1300

TABLE 65B Lipase Activity in Sherwin-Williams Latex pNP Absorbance at405 nm Time (min) 1 cm × 3 cm Control Blank   0 0.1114 0.0981 0.1269  300.1551 0.1628 0.1173 0.1410 0.1022 0.1204  60 0.1198 0.0987 0.10290.0974 0.1278 0.1119  120 0.1365 0.1082 0.1192 0.1487 0.1284 0.0995  2250.0680 0.0688 0.0602 0.1129 0.0788 0.1231 1200 0.0514 0.0521 0.05990.1008 0.1106 0.0626

TABLE 66 Lipase Activity in Sherwin-Williams Latex pNP AverageAbsorbance at 405 nm and Standard Deviations Average SD Lipase ControlLipase Control Time 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm × 1cm × (min) 3 cm 2 cm 1 cm 3 cm Blank 3 cm 2 cm 1 cm 3 cm Blank 0 0.11210.1121 0.1121 0.1121 0.1121 0.0144 0.0144 0.0144 0.0144 0.0144 30 0.18460.1695 0.1124 0.1451 0.1212 0.0307 0.0381 0.0362 0.0244 0.0194 60 0.20450.1711 0.1181 0.1071 0.1124 0.0233 0.0258 0.0382 0.0112 0.0152 1200.2246 0.1876 0.0919 0.1213 0.1255 0.0224 0.0162 0.0185 0.0143 0.0247225 0.2587 0.2124 0.1681 0.0657 0.1049 0.0057 0.0512 0.0087 0.00480.0232 1200 0.3744 0.2535 0.1446 0.0545 0.0913 0.0169 0.0194 0.02230.0047 0.0254

TABLE 67A Lipase Activity in Sherwin-Williams Latex pNP Absorbance at405 nm and Initial Slopes Lipase Time (min) 1 cm × 3 cm 0 0.1121 0.11210.1121 225 0.2521 0.2621 0.2620 Slope 0.0006 0.0007 0.0007 (ΔAbs/Δmin)U(umol/min) 0.1362 0.1459 0.1458 U/cm² 0.0454 0.0486 0.0486

TABLE 67B Lipase Activity in Sherwin-Williams Latex pNP Absorbance at405 nm and Initial Slopes Lipase Time (min) 1 cm × 2 cm 1 cm × 1 cm  00.1121 0.1121 0.1121 0.1121 0.1121 0.1121 225 0.2707 0.1920 0.17460.1779 0.1654 0.1611 Slope 0.0007 0.0004 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002(ΔAbs/Δmin) U(umol/min) 0.1543 0.0777 0.0608 0.0640 0.0519 0.0477 U/cm²0.0772 0.0389 0.0304 0.0640 0.0519 0.0477

TABLE 67C Lipase Activity in Sherwin-Williams Latex pNP Absorbance at405 nm and Initial Slopes Time (min) 1 cm × 3 cm Control Blank  0 0.1121  0.1121  0.1121  0.1121  0.1121 0.1121 225  0.0680  0.0688 0.0602  0.1129  0.0788 0.1231 Slope −0.0002 −0.0002 −0.0002  0.0000−0.0001 0.0000 (ΔAbs/Δmin) U(umol/min) −0.0429 −0.0421 −0.0505  0.0008−0.0324 0.0107 U/cm²

TABLE 68 Sample Activity Sample U(μmol/min) U(μmol/min)/cm² 1 cm × 3 cm;with lipase  0.1427 ± 0.0056 0.0476 ± 0.0019 1 cm × 2 cm; with lipase 0.0976 ± 0.0498 0.0488 ± 0.0249 1 cm × 1 cm; with lipase  0.0545 ±0.0085 0.0545 ± 0.0085 1 cm × 3cm; no lipase −0.0452 ± 0.0046 Blank−0.0070 ± 0.0226

The reaction containing the 1 cm×3 cm free-film with lipase went to 50%completion. This is due to the nature of the insolubility of4-nitrophenyl palmitate. Particles of 4-nitrophenyl palmitate werepresent in all microtubes due to precipitation when it comes in contactswith water. The 1 cm×1 cm free-film was likely too small a film size,although the microtube was visually yellow, the data did not support thefact that the reaction did in fact take place. 4-nitrophenyl palmitatewas originally used, but it self-hydrolyzed in water. Further, vegetableoil was spread over panels that were either control (no lipase) orlipase impregnated. After a day, the lipase impregnated panels were drywhile the control panels were still visibly full of oil. It is alsocontemplated that greater loads of lipase, such as, for example, 200mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, and 50 mg/ml lipase, may be used.

Example 38: This Example demonstrates a lipase assay determining theefficacy of lipase in a coating (e.g., paint). Films of Sherwin-WilliamsAcrylic Latex comprising lipase were assayed 7 months after they wereprepared. Materials used are shown in the table below.

TABLE 69 Materials 200 mM TRIS Buffer (Sigma Product #T1503); brought topH = 7.1 with HCl 4-nitrophenyl acetate (Sigma Product #N8130) 14.5 mMsolution in isopropyl alcohol Lipase from porcine pancreas (SigmaProduct #L3126) 2 mL microtubes Pipette Pipette Tips Plate Reader96-well Plate

The reaction procedure included: cutting 1 cm×3 cm free film couponsizes; placing individual coupons into labeled 2 mL microtubes, witheach of the coupon samples tested in triplicate; adding 750 μl 200 mMTRIS to each microtube; adding 600 ul ddH₂O to each microtube; adding150 ul 14.5 mM p-nitrophenyl acetate to each microtube; preparingcontrol samples that had 750 ul 200 mM TRIS, 600 ul ddH₂O, and 150 ul14.5 mM p-nitrophenyl acetate; taking out at each desired time point,100 ul and reading the absorbance at 405 nm in a 96-well plate; andplotting absorbance vs. time to calculate the slope. Data and calculatevalues are shown below, demonstrating lipase activity in a curedcoating's film 7 months after preparation.

TABLE 70 Absorbance at 405 nm Data Time (min) Blank Control Lipase  00.0423 0.0423 0.0423 0.0423 0.0423 0.0423 0.0423 15 0.0477 0.0475 0.04870.0495 0.1760 0.1933 0.1719 30 0.0562 0.0556 0.0550 0.0572 0.3353 0.36310.3137 45 0.0587 0.0598 0.0616 0.0624 0.4642 0.5084 0.4486 60 0.06430.0673 0.0684 0.0691 0.6008 0.6069 0.5565 90 0.0751 0.0762 0.0785 0.07830.7181 0.7896 0.7591 Slope 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0095 0.01050.0091

TABLE 71 Average pNP Absorbance at 405 nm Control Lipase Control LipaseTime Blank Avg Avg SD SD  0 0.0423 0.0423 0.0423 0.0000 0.0000 15 0.04770.0486 0.1804 0.0010 0.0114 30 0.0562 0.0559 0.3374 0.0011 0.0248 450.0587 0.0613 0.4737 0.0013 0.0310 60 0.0643 0.0683 0.5881 0.0009 0.027590 0.0751 0.0777 0.7556 0.0013 0.0359

TABLE 72 Activity Data Slope U Sample (A/min) (umol/min) U Avg U SDBlank 0.0004 0.0842 0.08 NA Control 0.0004 0.0884 0.09 0.01 0.00040.0937 0.0005 0.0992 Lipase (100 0.0095 2.0796 2.12 0.15 mg/ml wet)0.0105 2.2884 0.0091 1.9857

TABLE 73 Absorbance vs. Time Slope Sample U (μmol/min) Blank 0.08 + 0.00Control 0.09 + 0.01 Lipase 2.12 + 0.15

Example 39: This Example demonstrates lipase activity in a Gliddenalkyd/oil solvent based coating. The materials used are shown in theTable below.

TABLE 74   Materials 200 mM TRIS Buffer (Sigma Product #T1503); broughtto pH = 7.1 with HCl 4-nitrophenyl acetate (Sigma Product #N8130); 14.5mM solution in isopropyl alcohol Lipase from porcine pancreas (SigmaProduct #L3126) 2 mL microtubes Pipette Pipette Tips Plate Reader96-well Plate

The assay procedure included: cutting appropriate coupon sizes; placingindividual coupons into labeled 2 mL microtubes, with each of the couponsizes are tested in triplicate; adding 750 ul 200 mM TRIS to eachmicrotube; adding 600 ul ddH₂O to each microtube; adding 150 ul 14.5 mMp-nitrophenyl acetate to each microtube; preparing control samples (nofilms) to have 750 ul 200 mM TRIS, 600 ul ddH₂O, and 150 ul 14.5 mMp-nitrophenyl acetate; removing at each desired time point, 100 ul andreading the absorbance at 405 nm in a 96-well plate; and plottingabsorbance vs. time to calculate the initial rate slope.

TABLE 75A Absorbance at 405 nm Time Blank 3 cm × 1 cm Control  0 0.044300.04260 0.04420 0.04430 0.04260 0.04420  15 0.05450 0.04840 0.049400.05290 0.05300 0.04810  30 0.05520 0.05400 0.05520 0.05530 0.057200.05160  60 0.06710 0.06520 0.06730 0.06180 0.06230 0.05970 120 0.078000.07690 0.07810 0.06770 0.06820 0.07120 Slope 0.00027 0.00029 0.000290.00018 0.00019 0.00023

TABLE 75B Absorbance at 405 nm 3 cm X 1 cm Lipase 3 cm X 1 cm LipaseTime 200 g/gal 100 g/gal  0 0.04430 0.04260 0.04420 0.04430 0.042600.04420  15 0.07050 0.11020 0.06940 0.05300 0.05260 0.05300  30 0.079700.11690 0.07850 0.06280 0.06780 0.06270  60 0.10290 0.12410 0.095100.09460 0.08930 0.08780 120 0.13500 0.15060 0.12870 0.10620 0.121100.11940 Slope 0.00071 0.00069 0.00065 0.00054 0.00066 0.00064

TABLE 76A Absorbance Averages Absorbance Average Time Blank Control 200g/gal 100 g/gal 0 0.04370 0.04370 0.04370 0.04370 15 0.05077 0.051330.08337 0.05287 30 0.05480 0.05470 0.09170 0.06443 60 0.06653 0.061270.10737 0.09057 120 0.07767 0.06903 0.13810 0.11557

TABLE 76B Absorbance Average's Standard Deviations Absorbance DeviationTime Blank Control 200 g/gal 100 g/gal 0 0.000954 0.000954 0.0009540.000954 15 0.003272 0.002801 0.023245 0.000231 30 0.000693 0.0028480.021832 0.002916 60 0.001159 0.00138 0.015007 0.003573 120 0.0006660.001893 0.011274 0.008156

TABLE 77 Absorbance vs. Time Slope Slope U U Sample (A/min) (umol/min) UAverage Deviation Blank 0.000267 0.0584 0.06 0.00 0.000285 0.06240.000285 0.0625 Control 0.000177 0.0388 0.04 0.01 3 cm² 0.000187 0.04100.000226 0.0494 200 g/gal 0.000707 0.1548 0.15 0.01 3 cm² 0.0006870.1503 0.000648 0.1418 100 g/gal 0.000540 0.1182 0.13 0.01 3 cm²0.000657 0.1437 0.000639 0.1399

Example 40: To provide a description that is both concise and clear,various examples of

ranges have been identified herein. Any range cited herein includes anyand all sub-ranges and specific values within the cited range, thisexample provides specific numeric values for use within any cited rangethat may be used for an integer, intermediate range(s), subrange(s),combinations of range(s) and individual value(s) within a cited range,including in the claims. Examples of specific values (e.g., %, kDa, °C., ° F., am, kg/L, Ku) that can be within a cited range include0.000001, 0.000002, 0.000003, 0.000004, 0.000005, 0.000006, 0.000007,0.000008, 0.000009, 0.00001, 0.00002, 0.00003, 0.00004, 0.00005,0.00006, 0.00007, 0.00008, 0.00009, 0.0001, 0.0002, 0.0003, 0.0004,0.0005, 0.0006, 0.0007, 0.0008, 0.0009, 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004,0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06,0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18,0.19, 0.20, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.30,0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.40, 0.41, 0.42,0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, 0.50, 0.51, 0.52, 0.53, 0.54,0.55, 0.56, 0.57, 0.58, 0.59, 0.60, 0.61, 0.62, 0.63, 0.64, 0.65, 0.66,0.67, 0.68, 0.69, 0.70, 0.71, 0.72, 0.73, 0.74, 0.75, 0.76, 0.77, 0.78,0.79, 0.80, 0.81, 0.82, 0.83, 0.84, 0.85, 0.86, 0.87, 0.88, 0.89, 0.90,0.91, 0.92, 0.93, 0.94, 0.95, 0.96, 0.97, 0.98, 0.99, 1.00, 1.01, 1.02,1.03, 1.04, 1.05, 1.06, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 1.14,1.15, 1.16, 1.17, 1.18, 1.19, 1.20, 1.21, 1.22, 1.23, 1.24, 1.25, 1.26,1.27, 1.28, 1.29, 1.30, 1.31, 1.32, 1.33, 1.34, 1.35, 1.36, 1.37, 1.38,1.39, 1.40, 1.41, 1.42, 1.43, 1.44, 1.45, 1.46, 1.47, 1.48, 1.49, 1.50,1.51, 1.52, 1.53, 1.54, 1.55, 1.56, 1.57, 1.58, 1.59, 1.60, 1.61, 1.62,1.63, 1.64, 1.65, 1.66, 1.67, 1.68, 1.69, 1.70, 1.71, 1.72, 1.73, 1.74,1.75, 1.76, 1.77, 1.78, 1.79, 1.80, 1.81, 1.82, 1.83, 1.84, 1.85, 1.86,1.87, 1.88, 1.89, 1.90, 1.91, 1.92, 1.93, 1.94, 1.95, 1.96, 1.97, 1.98,1.99, 2.00, 2.01, 2.02, 2.03, 2.04, 2.05, 2.06, 2.07, 2.08, 2.09, 2.10,2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 2.20, 2.21, 2.22,2.23, 2.24, 2.25, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3,3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7,4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6.0, 6.1,6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5,7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8.0, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9,9.0, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 10.0, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50,51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68,69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.10, 99.20, 99.30,99.40, 99.50, 99.60, 99.70, 99.80, 99.90, 99.91, 99.92, 99.93, 99.94,99.95, 99.96, 99.97, 99.98, 99.99, 99.999, 99.9999, 99.99999, 99.999999,99.9999999, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111,112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125,126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139,140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153,154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167,168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181,182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195,196, 197, 198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214, 215,216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229,230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243,244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 260, 270, 275, 280, 290, 300, 310,320, 325, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 375, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 425,430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 475, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 525, 530, 540,550, 560, 570, 575, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 625, 630, 640, 650, 660,670, 675, 680, 690, 700, 710, 720, 725, 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 775,780, 790, 800, 810, 820, 825, 830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 875, 880, 890,900, 910, 920, 925, 930, 940, 950, 960, 970, 975, 980, 990, 1000, 1025,1050, 1075, 1100, 1125, 1150, 1175, 1200, 1225, 1250, 1275, 1300, 1325,1350, 1375, 1400, 1425, 1450, 1475, 1500, 1525, 1550, 1575, 1600, 1625,1650, 1675, 1700, 1725, 1750, 1775, 1800, 1825, 1850, 1875, 1900, 1925,1950, 1975, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2800, 2900,3000, 3100, 3200, 3300, 3400, 3500, 3600, 3700, 3800, 3900, 4000, 4100,4200, 4300, 4400, 4500, 4600, 4700, 4800, 4900, 5000, 5250, 5500, 5750,6000, 6250, 6500, 6750, 7000, 7250, 7500, 7750, 8000, 8250, 8500, 8750,9000, 9250, 9500, 9750, 10,000, 25,000, 50,000, 75,000, 100,000,250,000, 500,000, 1,000,000, or more. Additional examples of the use ofthis definition to specify sub-ranges are given herein. For example, acited range of 25,000 to 100,000 would include specific values of 50,000and/or 75,000, as well as sub-ranges such as 25,000 to 50,000, 25,000 to75,000, 50,000 to 100,000, 50,000 to 75,000, and/or 75,000 to 100,000.In another example, the range 875 to 1200 would include values such as910, 930, etc. as well as sub-ranges such as 940 to 950, 890 to 1150,etc.

In embodiments wherein a value or range is denoted in exponent form,both the integer and the exponent values are included. For example, arange of 1.0×10⁻¹⁷ to 2.5×10⁻⁷, would include a description for asub-range such as 1.24×10⁻¹⁷ to 8.7×10⁻¹¹.

However, general sub-ranges for each type of unit (e.g., %, kDa, ° C., °F., m, kg/L, Ku) are contemplated, as the values typically found withina particular type of unit are of a sub-range of the integers describedabove. For example, integers typically found within a cited percentagerange, as applicable, include 0.000001% to 100%. Examples of values thatcan be within a cited molecular mass range in kilo Daltons (“kDa”) asapplicable for many coating components include 0.50 kDa to 110 kDa.Examples of values that can be within a cited temperature range indegrees Celsius (“° C.”) as may be applicable in the arts of a polymericmaterial, a surface treatment (e.g., a coating), and/or a filler include−10° C. to 500° C. Examples of values that can be within a thicknessrange in micrometers (“m”) as may be applicable to coating and/or filmthickness upon a surface include 1 m to 2000 μm. Examples of values thatcan be within a cited density range in kilograms per liter (“kg/L”) asmay be applicable in the arts of a material formulation include 0.50kg/L to 20 kDa. Examples of values that can be within a cited shear raterange in Krebs Units (“Ku”), as may be applicable in the arts of amaterial formulation, include 20 Ku to 300 Ku.

Example 41: This Example demonstrate selection method for a biomoleculecomposition as an antibiological agent for in-can preservative activity.

Bio-based antibiological agents will be selected based on one or moremethods, including measurement of enzymatic kinetics for enzymaticantibiological agent(s); via rapid-throughput antimicrobial assays ofantibiological agent(s) (e.g., peptide antibiological agents); in vitrohigh throughput assays for biocidal activity of one or more bio-basedactive(s) on various microorganisms either alone or mixed together; or acombination thereof. Further selection of a subset of antibiologicalagent(s) may be conducted using various microorganisms (i.e., subset ofmicrobe species) via conducting ASTM D 2574 assay for biocidal activityof single bio-based active(s) compared to an existing preservative[e.g., biocide(s)] in a specific coating. It is contemplated that if nosingle bio-based antimicrobial candidate achieves biocidal activitycomparable to existing in-can preservative using ASTM D 2574 procedure,then an in vitro high throughput assay(s) and/or ASTM D2574 assay(s) forsynergistic antibiological activity of combination(s) (“cocktail”) ofbiomolecule composition(s) including combinations with a non-biomoleculepreservative and/or antimicrobial compound will be conducted againstvarious microorganisms either alone or mixed together. It is furthercontemplated that if various candidate biomolecule compositions eitherdisclosed herein or as would be known in the art may be selected forevaluation as an in-can antibiological agent. For example, biomolecularcompositions such as a lipolytic enzyme (e.g., a lipase, a phospholipaseA, a phospholipase C, a lysophospholipase, etc.), a peptidase/protease(e.g., a thermolysin, a trypsin, a chymotrypsin, a chymosin, etc.), asaccharidase (e.g., a glycosidase, a beta mannanase, an endo mannanase,an alpha amylase, a glucoamylase, etc.), a peptidic biomolecule (e.g.,an AMP-7, AMP-6, AMP-LKLK, a nisin, a melittin, a duramycin, etc.) thatmay act on a cellular component (e.g., a membrane, a cell wall, etc.),cell membrane disrupting biomolecule (e.g., a monolaurin, etc.), a cellwall degrading biomolecule (e.g., a lysozyme, a polygalacturonase, anendo glucanase, a beta glucanase, a cellulase, a beta-mannosidase,etc.), a biomolecule that degrades a component of a microbe producedbiofilm (e.g., alginate lysase, etc.), an oxygen toxinproducing/oxidizing biomolecule (e.g., a lactoferrin, a peroxidase, aglycose oxidase, a laccase etc.), other biomolecules that may possessantibiological activity [e.g., a bacteriocins such as an enterocin(vulgamycin), OPDtox™ which is an organophosphorus hydrolase, etc.], ora combination thereof.

Example 42: This Example demonstrate selection method for a biomoleculecomposition as an antibiological agent for in-can preservative activityby detection of in vitro bioactivity.

As the bioactivity of a candidate antibiological agent must survivewithin a coating for that bioactivity to be detectable after curing ofthe coating to produce a film, it is contemplated that any assays forin-film activity may be used to identify candidate an in-canantibiological agent during in-can storage.

The sides of wells of a 96-well plate were painted with either controlacrylic latex or acrylic latex with 0.5%, 1.5% or 3% total solids ofhuman lysozyme mixed into the paint. The sides were coated evenly bybrushing and the paint with plate inverted and cure at 60 C for 40minutes inverted. M. lysodeikticus was prepared at 10 mg/mL inmicrocentrifuge tube using potassium phosphate (“PP”) buffer and mixedto disperse well. This stock solution was diluted by adding 0.5 mL of 10mg/ml stock to 1.5 mL PP buffer. 50 μl was transferred into 3 wells of96-well plate and absorbance reading at 450 nm measured with an expectedreading of between 0.6-0.7, and equipment adjusted if necessary. Thedata file was saved and use as TO. 50 μl/well M. lysodeikticus workingsolution was applied in triplicate to painted wells. The painted wellswere placed on rocking plate. For multiple point analysis, OD450 wasmeasured at TO and every 10 minutes for 2 hours. For single pointanalysis, the plates were rocked for 2 hours and OD450 measured. Theresults are shown at the Table below.

TABLE 78 M. lysodeikticus turbidity upon contact with lysozyme paintTime 0.5% 1.5% 3% (minutes) Control Lysozyme Lysozyme Lysozyme 0 0.76330.7672 0.7734 0.7331 10 0.7675 0.7608 0.7582 0.6474 20 0.7706 0.74690.7374 0.5528 30 0.7700 0.7210 0.7115 0.4691 40 0.7687 0.7002 0.68100.3996 50 0.7683 0.6802 0.6439 0.3451 60 0.7665 0.6601 0.6087 0.3058 700.7620 0.6341 0.5589 0.2686 80 0.7602 0.6128 0.5168 0.2448 90 0.75590.5882 0.4777 0.2258 100 0.7554 0.5724 0.4467 0.2130 110 0.7536 0.55710.4225 0.2020 120 0.7528 0.5442 0.4039 0.1965

Further, prior to incorporation into a liquid coating, a candidateantibiological substance may be evaluated for antimicrobial activity ina liquid media. An2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide(“XTT”) liquid assay for reduction of metabolic activity was conductedusing a mixture of comprising various biofouling microorganism strains(see for example U.S. Patent Application no. 2013/0142855 for examplesof biofouling microorganisms) against combination of lysozyme, nisin,peroxidase, glucose oxidase, AMP-6, AMP-7, AMP-LKLK, monolaurin, and/orEDTA.

The microbial cell cultures were prepared in the following manner:

Day 1: Inoculated 5 ml tryptic soy broth (“TSB”) broth with Pseudomonassp. from tryptic soy agar (“TSA”) slants (stored at 4° C.). Incubated at30° C. with agitation overnight.

Day 2: Passed the Pseudomonas sp. broth cultures into new 5 ml TSB brothusing a sterile inoculation loop (first pass). Incubated at 30° C. withagitation overnight.

Day 3: Passed the Pseudomonas spp. broth cultures into new 5 ml TSBbroth using a sterile inoculation loop (second pass). Inoculated 5 mlTSB broth with Alcaligenes faecalis, Pseudomonas alcaliphila culture A(“Pseudomonas alcaliphila A”), Pseudomonas alcaliphila culture B(“Pseudomonas alcaliphila B”), Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture A(“Pseudomonas aeruginosa A”), Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture B(“Pseudomonas aeruginosa B”), Strenotrophomonas maltophila,Microbacterium paraoxydans, Pseudomonas oleovorans culture A(“Pseudomonas oleovorans A”), and Pseudomonas oleovorans culture B(“Pseudomonas oleovorans B”) from TSA slants (stored at 4° C.).Incubated all broths at 30° C. with agitation overnight.

Day 4: Passed the Alcaligenes faecalis, Pseudomonas alcaliphila A,Pseudomonas alcaliphila B, Pseudomonas aeruginosa A, Pseudomonasaeruginosa B, Strenotrophomonas maltophila, Microbacterium paraoxydans,Pseudomonas oleovorans A, and Pseudomonas oleovorans B broth culturesinto new 5 ml TSB broth using a sterile inoculation loop (first pass).Incubated all broths at 30° C. with agitation overnight.

Day 5: Passed the Alcaligenes faecalis, Pseudomonas alcaliphila A,Pseudomonas alcaliphila B, Pseudomonas aeruginosa A, Pseudomonasaeruginosa B, Strenotrophomonas maltophila, Microbacterium paraoxydans,Pseudomonas oleovorans A, and Pseudomonas oleovorans B broth culturesinto new 5 ml TSB broth using a sterile inoculation loop (second pass).Incubated all broths at 30° C. with agitation overnight.

Day 6: Pooled together 2.5 mL from each broth culture into a sterilescrew-cap tube and swirled to mix thoroughly immediately before addingto the microplate.

Preparation of reagents: The following solutions were prepared at aconcentration of 10 mg/ml in sterile ddH₂O (except for monolaurin, whichwas dissolved in DMSO): peroxidase (Sigma, cat #77332-100MG, lot#BCBP5939V); monolaurin (supplement from Med-Chem Labs, Inc., ground upinto powder); lysozyme (Biocat, lot #LYS-RA17); AMP-7 (lot#1314051-31709); AMP-6 (lot #1718041-50479); AMP-LKLK (lot#1718148-50995); and nisin (2.5%, from Lactococcus lactis, Sigma, cat#N5764-1G, lot #046M4010V). For the glucose oxidase, the 25 μl remainingfrom the 50 mg/ml stock was diluted into 100 μl ddH₂O to make a 10 mg/mlsolution. This was further diluted into 1.125 ml ddH₂O to make a 1 mg/mlstock, which was used in the assay. A 20 mM solution of EDTA was made bydiluting 100 μl of 200 mM into 900 μl ddH₂O (1:10 dilution). Inaddition, 32 μl of 1.7 mg/ml menadione in acetone was added to 4 ml of 1mg/ml XTT in phosphate-buffered saline (“PBS”) (stored at 4° C.). Thereagents and microbial mixture were added to a 96-well microplate. Theabsorbance at 492 nm was measured immediately after mixing all reagents.The microplate was incubated at 30° C. for 20 hours, after which A₄₉₂was measured again. The percent reduction in cell metabolism for eachtreatment was calculated using the following procedure. First, thepercent increase in absorbance was calculated for each treatment type(including the cells that received no treatment, which served as thenegative control). The percent increase in absorbance was calculated asfollows: % increase absorbance=[(A_(20H)−A_(0H)))/A_(0H))]*100; whereA20H is the absorbance after 20 hours incubation, and A_(0H) is theabsorbance before starting incubation. The reduction in cell metabolismcompared to the untreated control (no lysozyme, no EDTA) was calculatedas follows: % reduction cell metabolism=100−[(T/C)*100]; where T is thepercent increase absorbance for the cells under test, and C is thepercent increase absorbance for the negative control. The negativecontrol for the samples containing monolaurin or DMSO was cellscontaining DMSO only. A 2D matrix of percent reduction of metabolicactivity measured for each candidate antibiological substance is shownin the Tables below.

TABLE 79A XTT metabolic activity measurements of mixed microbes uponcontact with biocides 0.5 mg/ml 0.5 0.05 mg/ml Additive none lysozymemg/ml nisin glucose oxidase none 16.7 7.7 −3.1 17.8 15.6 23.8 20.9 13.217.0 0.5 mg/ml 16.7 7.7 −3.1 lysozyme 0.5 mg/ml 17.8 15.6 23.8 13.2 23.214.1 nisin 0.05 mg/ml 20.9 13.2 17.0 29.7 30.4 29.1 28.9 21.4 23.5glucose oxidase 0.5 mg/ml 23.2 15.9 16.9 17.2 14.2 18.0 33.0 38.8 45.846.5 43.1 42.6 peroxidase 0.5 mg/ml −7.5 −8.9 −11.2 16.3 16.0 15.0 11.728.9 31.1 42.9 43.9 41.8 AMP-6 0.5 mg/ml 31.9 20.1 13.2 28.8 32.8 29.238.5 36.6 34.9 32.3 42.2 43.8 AMP-7 0.5 mg/ml 0.8 −2.2 −4.7 8.6 −3.7−1.0 12.6 9.7 3.6 40.1 41.1 30.5 AMP-LKLK 1 mM EDTA 40.8 46.4 41.5 49.647.2 50.5 40.9 45.3 38.8 75.6 77.3 79.9

TABLE 79B XTT metabolic activity measurements of mixed microbes uponcontact with biocides 0.5 mg/ml 0.5 mg/ml 0.5 mg/ml 0.5 mg/ml Additiveperoxidase AMP-6 AMP-7 AMP-LKLK none 23.2 15.9 16.9 −7.5 −8.9 −11.2 31.920.1 13.2 0.8 −2.2 −4.7 0.5 mg/ml lysozyme 0.5 mg/ml nisin 0.05 mg/mlglucose oxidase 0.5 mg/ml peroxidase 0.5 mg/ml 18.3 22.0 16.7 AMP-6 0.5mg/ml 46.4 46.5 37.8 55.3 53.5 54.8 AMP-7 0.5 mg/ml 19.0 33.7 12.8 −14.8−18.8 −11.6 53.9 51.6 51.8 AMP-LKLK 1 mM EDTA 68.2 54.4 53.9 62.5 67.958.1 73.4 66.4 68.9 66.6 68.9 66.1

Example 43: This Example demonstrate selection method for a biomoleculecomposition as an antibiological agent for in-can preservative activityby detection of in vitro bioactivity using subset of microbial organismsbeing evaluated herein.

The XTT assay described in the Example above was repeated with lysozymeand EDTA using P. oleovorans A, M. paraoxydans and A. faecalis. Theethanol and heat-killing experimental controls were also repeated.

Overnight cultures of P. oleovorans A, M. paraoxydans, and A. faecaliswere grown at 30° C. in M9 minimal media. Three different dilutions ofEDTA were made from a 200 mM stock: 10 mM EDTA, 20 mM EDTA and 60 mMEDTA. A stock of human lysozyme (Sigma cat #L1667-1G, lot#SLBR7673V, >=100,000 U/mg) concentration of 10 mg/ml was made upimmediately before setting up the microplate. This stock was used forthe following dilutions: 1:10, 1:50, and 1:100; and were used to make 5U/ul, 1U/ul and 0.5 U/ul when 10 ul was added to each well (final volume200 ul). The XTT (Invitrogen) was made up immediately before use bydissolving 10 mg of XTT into 10 ml PBS that had been prewarmed to 40° C.The lysozyme, EDTA, cells, diluent (M9 minimal media or TSB) and XTTwere added to the wells. Microplates were incubated at 30 C for up to 20hours. Absorbance measurements were taken at 0 and 20 hour time points.

Results: The was much variance in the data (in some cases, the standarddeviation was higher than the average), so the results were not used. Itwas discovered that the variance was likely due to excessivecondensation on the lid of the microplate. The data for the A. faecalisshowed results with more acceptable standard deviation values. Theeffects of lysozyme or EDTA alone only had a modest effect on theaccumulation of absorbance at 492 nm. The combined action of lysozymeand EDTA was more effective in reducing metabolism, with higherconcentration of lysozyme and EDTA having a greater negative impact oncell metabolism.

To calculate the reduction in cell metabolism compared to the negativecontrol (cells with no lysozyme or EDTA), the percent increase inabsorbance at 492 nm from the 0 to the 20 hour time point was calculatedand compared to the percent increase absorbance of the negative control,with results shown at the Table below.

TABLE 80 XTT metabolic activity measurements of mixed microbes uponcontact with biocides avg red std dev cell cell Additive metab metab 0.5U/ul Lysozyme 43.5 10.6 1 U/ul Lysozyme 26.9 4.5 5 U/ul Lysozyme 17.26.4 0.5 mM EDTA 27.8 2.3 1 mM EDTA 55.6 7.0 3 mM EDTA 73.5 7.0 0.5 U/ulLysozyme, 0.5 mM 46.7 19.1 EDTA 1 U/ul Lysozyme, 0.5 mM 53.0 9.1 EDTA 5U/ul Lysozyme, 0.5 mM 63.6 4.9 EDTA 0.5 U/ul Lysozyme, 1 mM 81.0 3.7EDTA 1 U/ul Lysozyme, 1 mM 72.7 7.1 EDTA 5 U/ul Lysozyme, 1 mM 83.0 0.6EDTA 0.5 U/ul Lysozyme, 3 mM 82.9 4.2 EDTA 1 U/ul Lysozyme, 3 mM 77.012.5 EDTA 5 U/ul Lysozyme, 3 mM 85.3 2.6 EDTA EtOH 74.7 3.0 100 C., 30min 62.4 3.2

Ethanol-treated cells showed ˜75% reduction in cell metabolism accordingto the absorbance at 492 nm, while heat-killing showed ˜62% reduction inmetabolism. Although there was no growth detected on spread platesprepared from heat-killed samples, for some reason these samples reactedalmost immediately with the XTT.

Example 44: This Example demonstrate selection method for a biomoleculecomposition as an antibiological agent for in-can preservative activityby detection of in vitro bioactivity using another subset of organismsof a microbes being evaluated herein.

The XTT assay was repeated with lysozyme and EDTA using P. oleovorans A;also repeated was the ethanol and heat-killing experimental controls.

An overnight culture of P. oleovorans A grown overnight at 30 C in M9minimal media. Three different dilutions of EDTA were made from a 200 mMstock: 10 mM EDTA, 20 mM EDTA and 60 mM EDTA. A stock of human lysozyme(Sigma cat #L1667-1G, lot #SLBR7673V, >=100,000 U/mg) concentration of10 mg/ml and kept at 4 C was used. This stock was used for the followingdilutions: 1:10, 1:50, and 1:100; which were used to make 5 U/ul, 1U/uland 0.5 U/ul when 10 ul is added to each well (final volume 200 ul).Eight microliters of 1.7 mg/ml menadione in acetone was added to 992 μlof 1 mg/ml XTT (Invitrogen) (1:120 dilution), which wasfiltered-sterilized using a 0.2 μm nylon syringe filter. The lysozyme,EDTA, cells, diluent (M9 minimal media or TSB) and XTT were added to thewells. For killing with ethanol, 80 μl of 200 proof ethanol was added towells with 100 μl cells and 20 μl XTT. For heat killing, a 1 ml aliquotof cells was heated to 65° C. for 30 minutes. Microplates were incubatedat 30° C. for up to 20 hours. Absorbance measurements were taken at 0and 20 hour time points, and the values calculated as in previousexamples and are shown at the Table below.

TABLE 81 XTT metabolic activity measurements of P. oleovorans A uponcontact with biocides avg red std dev cell cell Additive metab metabControl 0.0 4.1 0.5 U/ul Lysozyme 1.9 5.4 1 U/ul Lysozyme 5.8 10.3 5U/ul Lysozyme 25.0 24.4 0.5 mM EDTA 13.7 35.9 1 mM EDTA 44.9 21.6 3 mMEDTA 71.7 16.3 0.5 U/ul Lysozyme, 0.5 mM 19.6 30.9 EDTA 1 U/ul Lysozyme,0.5 mM 12.6 33.8 EDTA 5 U/ul Lysozyme, 0.5 mM 34.5 58.0 EDTA 0.5 U/ulLysozyme, 1 mM 40.0 14.7 EDTA 1 U/ul Lysozyme, 1 mM 61.2 5.7 EDTA 5 U/ulLysozyme, 1 mM 42.7 13.4 EDTA 0.5 U/ul Lysozyme, 3 mM 79.9 15.9 EDTA 1U/ul Lysozyme, 3 mM 71.4 20.1 EDTA 5 U/ul Lysozyme, 3 mM 65.3 29.6 EDTAEtOH 60.4 39.3 65 C., 30 min 62.3 16.3

The results show similar trends to the previous experiment with P.oleovorans A. Namely, the lysozyme alone had limited effect on reducingcell metabolism. Though the EDTA had a greater effect at higherconcentrations, the effect was increased when combined with lysozyme.The standard deviation was high, even though the colors of thetriplicate samples looked similar, and there was one column in the 0.5mM EDTA set of triplicates that probably didn't get EDTA, so thosesamples were not included in analysis. It is likely that the deviationin absorbance values was due to condensation on the microplate lid,which was left on during reading. The 65C heat-killing temperature didnot have the high absorbance values as with the 100 C temperature.Although it did not kill all of the cells, the cell density was reducedfrom 7.34E7 CFU/ml to 120 CFU/ml, which is a 99.9998365% reduction.

Example 45: This Example demonstrate selection method for a biomoleculecomposition as an antibiological agent for in-can preservative activityby detection of in vitro bioactivity using another subset of organismsof a microbes being evaluated herein.

The XTT assay described in the Examples above was repeated with lysozymeand EDTA using M. paraoxydans. The ethanol and heat-killing experimentalcontrols were also repeated.

An overnight culture of M. paraoxydans grown overnight at 30 C in M9minimal media. Three different dilutions of EDTA were used: 10 mM EDTA,20 mM EDTA and 60 mM EDTA. A stock of human lysozyme (Sigma cat#L1667-1G, lot #SLBR7673V, >=100,000 U/mg) concentration of 10 mg/mlkept at 4 C was used. This stock was used for the following dilutions:1:10, 1:50, and 1:100; which was used to make 5 U/ul, 1U/ul and 0.5 U/ulwhen 10 ul is added to each well (final volume 200 ul). The filtered XTT(Invitrogen) with menadione was used. The lysozyme, EDTA, cells, diluent(M9 minimal media or TSB) and XTT were added to the wells. For killingwith ethanol, 80 μl of 200 proof ethanol was added to wells with 100 μlcells and 20 μl XTT. For heat killing, a 1 ml aliquot of cells washeated to 65 C for 30 minutes. Microplates were incubated at 30 C for upto 20 hours.

Absorbance measurements at 492 nm were taken at 0 and 20 hour timepoints, though the triplicate values showed a high degree of variance,even though the samples visually looked similar. As the high errorvalues were thought due to condensation on the microplate lid, anotherreading at 20 hours without the lid was taken. The contribution towardabsorbance at 492 nm of the microplate lid by measuring absorbance at492 nm of empty wells with and without the lid in place, which gave anaverage absorbance of 0.052716667 for the lid. This value was subtractedfrom all of the 0 hour readings, which also had less variance sincethere was no condensation (as the plate had not been incubated). Usingthe absorbance values with the microplate lid off to calculate thereduction in metabolism, the standard deviation values were drasticallysmaller. The measurement results are show in the Table below.

TABLE 82 XTT metabolic activity measurements of M. paraoxydans uponcontact with biocides Additive avgredcellmetab stddevcellmetab Control(0.0) 3.6 0.5 U/ul Lysozyme 6.2 13.6 1 U/l Lysozyme 51.4 9.3 5 U/ulLysozyme 86.8 1.8 0.5 mM EDTA 68.8 0.7 1 mM EDTA 77.3 1.5 3 mM EDTA 80.60.6 0.5 U/ul Lysozyme, 64.8 0.9 0.5 mM EDTA 1 U/ul Lysozyme, 64.1 1.40.5 mM EDTA 5 U/ul Lysozyme, 77.5 2.4 0.5 mM EDTA 0.5 U/ul Lysozyme,74.8 0.6 1 mM EDTA 1 U/ul Lysozyme, 75.0 0.0 1 mM EDTA 5 U/ul Lysozyme,74.2 3.1 1 mM EDTA 0.5 U/ul Lysozyme, 79.4 0.8 3mM EDTA 1 U/ul Lysozyme,79.5 0.8 3 mM EDTA 5 U/ul Lysozyme, 80.4 0.9 3 mM EDTA EtOH 89.4 3.2 65°C., 30 min 76.4 0.3

Example 46: This Example demonstrate selection method for a biomoleculecomposition as an antibiological agent for in-can preservative activityby detection of in vitro bioactivity using another subset of organismsof a microbes being evaluated herein.

The liquid XTT assay with Pseudomonas oleovorans A and Alcaligenesfaecalis was conducted using with various enzyme (lipases from differentpreparations, organophosphorus hydrolase) and peptide (AMP-7)concentrations

Overnight cultures of P. oleovorans A and A. faecalis were grown at 30°C. in M9 minimal media. The following enzymes and peptide were made upas 10 mg/ml solutions in sterile ddH₂O: yeast lipase 200,000 FIP/g CC(Biocat, lot #YLP200-QA20), Lipolase® (lot #LSMEC102116), OPDtox™, lipex(lot #LXMECC102116), and AMP-7 (lot #131405-3109). The 10 mg/ml solutionof each enzyme/peptide was used for 1:10 and 1:100 serial dilutions. TheXTT (Invitrogen) was made up immediately before use by dissolving 10 mgof XTT into 10 ml PBS that had been prewarmed to 40° C. Fortymicroliters of 1.7 mg/ml menadione was added to 5 ml XTT immediatelybefore setting up the experiment. 60 mM EDTA solution was used. Thereagents were added to the wells. Microplates were incubated at 30 C forup to 20 hours. Absorbance measurements were taken at 0 and 20 hour timepoints.

The lipase preparation A, lipase preparation B, lipase preparation C andOPDtox™ were only marginally effective against both P. oleovorans A andA. faecalis (<20% reduction in cell metabolism), with the exception ofundiluted lipase B in A. faecalis and undiluted lipase C in P.oleovorans A, which reduced cell metabolism by 27.84±11.01 and37.22±17.00 percent, respectively. All of these enzymes had around thesame reduction in metabolism when combined with EDTA (˜35% for A.faecalis and ˜58% for P. oleovorans A, and showed similar levels as thesamples with EDTA alone. The only compound in this test that showedsignificant antimicrobial activity at the concentrations tested wasAMP-7, which reduced cell growth in A. faecalis by 63.15±1.5 percent andin P. oleovorans A by 84.19±0.96 percent. The action of AMP-7 wasimproved by the addition of EDTA, which reduced cell metabolism by anextra ˜5% in P. oleovorans A and ˜15% in A. faecalis. It should be notedthat a microplate was also set up for Microbacterium paraoxydans, butthe results seem to indicate that the cell culture wasn't mixed verywell, upper rows of samples (which were plated first) showed little tono growth, while the bottom rows of cells showed large amounts ofgrowth.

Another liquid XTT assay with Pseudomonas oleovorans A and Alcaligenesfaecalis treated with various enzyme (e.g., cellulase, α-chymotrypsin,nisin, thermolysin, protease) concentrations was conducted. Overnightcultures of P. oleovorans A and A. faecalis were grown overnight at 30°C. in M9 minimal media. The following enzymes were made up as 10 mg/mlsolutions in sterile ddH₂O: cellulase (RPI cat. #C32200-1.0 lot #25680),α-chymotrypsin (MP Biomedicals cat. #152272 lot #Q3157), nisin (Sigmacat. #N6764-1G lot #046M-4010V), thermolysin (Promega #V400A lot#0000229522), and protease (Sigma cat. #P6141-1G lot #056K1351). The 10mg/ml solution of each enzyme/peptide was used for 1:10 and 1:100 serialdilutions. XTT solution previously prepared was used. Forty microlitersof 1.7 mg/ml menadione was added to 5 ml XTT immediately before settingup the experiment. The 60 mM EDTA solution previously prepared. Thereagents were added to the wells and the microplates were incubated at30 C for up to 20 hours. Absorbance measurements were taken at 0 and 20hour time points.

Most of the compounds tested had little effect on the growth/metabolismof A. faecalis, with the exception of thermolysin. Addition of EDTAimproved the effectiveness of all of the compounds, though the level ofgrowth reduction was about the same as that seen in samples with EDTAonly, indicating that the level of growth inhibition is due to EDTAalone. The thermolysin sample with EDTA showed less growth inhibitionthat the thermolysin alone. This may be an artifact, since the undiluted10 mg/ml thermolysin solution was observed to be cloudy (probably due toan additive that is not soluble in plain water), but not so in wellswith EDTA added. The experiment may be repeated using a 10 mg/mlthermolysin stock that has been clarified by centrifugation. ThePseudomonas oleovorans A culture showed sensitivity to more compounds,such as chymotrypsin (˜25% reduction in undiluted enzyme sample), nisin(˜40% reduction in undiluted enzyme sample), thermolysin (˜80% reductionin undiluted enzyme sample, though this may be an artifact), andprotease (˜30% reduction in undiluted enzyme sample). The effectivenessof all of these samples was increased by the addition of EDTA, thoughthe level of inhibition was about the same as EDTA alone in thecellulase, thermolysin, and protease combinations. The effect of addingEDTA was substantial when combined with levels of growth inhibitionalmost reaching 90%. Adding EDTA also increased the effectiveness ofchymotrypsin, with a level of growth inhibition at ˜75%, which is muchhigher than inhibition rates seen with EDTA or chymotrypsin alone. Theresults are also shown at the Tables below.

TABLE 83A XTT metabolic activity measurements of P. oleovorans A uponcontact with biocides avg red std dev Additive cell metab cell metabControl (0.0) 3.3 3 mM EDTA 62.2 0.5 Lipase A 7.3 2.4 (Yeast lipase)1:100 Lipase A 12.3 7.7 (Yeast lipase) 1:10 Lipase A 11.6 2.0 (Yeastlipase) 1:1 Lipase A 58.7 1.0 (Yeast lipase) = 1:1 + 3 mM EDTA Lipase B1:100 (3.0) 1.9 Lipase B 1:10 (1.4) 2.4 Lipase B 1:1 8.1 4.1 Lipase B1:1 + 56.4 1.1 3 mM EDTA Lipase C 1:100 3.6 2.9 Lipase C 1:10 1.0 0.8Lipase C 1:1 37.2 17.0 Lipase C 1:1 + 50.7 2.2 3 mM EDTA AMP-7 1:100(10.6) 6.9 AMP-7 1:10 18.2 1.1 AMP-7 1:1 84.2 1.0 AMP-7 1:1 + 89.4 2.2 3mM EDTA OPDtox ™ 1:100 (3.3) 15.1 OPDtox ™ 1:10 (3.9) 28.9 OPDtox ™ 1:114.9 41.8 OPDtox ™ 1:1 + 46.8 17.3 3 mM EDTA

TABLE 83B XTT metabolic activity measurements of A. faecalis uponcontact with biocides avg red std dev Additive cell metab cell metabControl (0.0) 3.7 3 mM EDTA 31.8 4.2 Lipase A 11.5 3.0 (Yeast lipase)1:100 Lipase A 5.7 1.1 (Yeast lipase) 1:10 Lipase A 10.5 1.0 (Yeastlipase) 1:1 Lipase A 37.1 1.6 (Yeast lipase) = 1:1 + 3 mM EDTA Lipase B1:100 15.1 4.6 Lipase B 1:10 14.0 1.0 Lipase B 1:1 48.5 36.6 Lipase B1:1 + 40.4 2.6 3 mM EDTA Lipase C 1:100 17.1 4.0 Lipase C 1:10 7.4 3.4Lipase C 1:1 11.8 1.2 Lipase C 1:1 + 29.5 0.6 3 mM EDTA AMP-7 1:100 17.92.4 AMP-7 1:10 20.3 5.1 AMP-7 1:1 63.2 1.5 AMP-7 1:1 + 78.8 0.8 3 mMEDTA OPDtox ™ 1:100 14.9 1.3 OPDtox ™ 1:10 7.7 3.8 OPDtox ™ 1:1 11.8 4.9OPDtox ™ 1:1 + 34.2 5.7 3 mM EDTA

Example 47: This Example demonstrate selection method for a biomoleculecomposition as an antibiological agent by detection of antimicrobialbioactivity in a high-throughput metabolic assay.

An XTT liquid high throughput assay was conducted in liquid media for 20hours using a various microbes being challenged by a biocide andcompared to microbe only control metabolism, with the relative reductionin metabolism after triplicate runs calculated, as shown in the Tablebelow.

TABLE 84 XTT metabolic activity measurements of microorganisms uponcontact 

Additive and Reduction in Concentration Microbe Metabolism LysozymeMicrobacterium paraoxydans 60.4 ± 1.2% 0.5 mg/ml Alcaligenes faecalis20.9 ± 2.3% Pseudomonas oleovorans A 25.6 ± 0.7% Pseudomonas oleovoransB (TSB) 12.3 ± 2.0% Pseudomonas oleovorans B (M9) 55.4 ± 4.8%Pseudomonas alcaliphila B 34.4 ± 4.5% Pseudomonas sp. 29.0 ± 4.3%Strenotrophomonas maltophila 19.2 ± 3.6% Nisin mixture Microbacteriumparaoxydans 85.1 ± 0.4% (2.5% active) Pseudomonas oleovorans A 32.1 ±3.0% 0.5 mg/ml Pseudomonas oleovorans B (M9) 59.3 ± 0.5% (0.0125 mg/mlPseudomonas alcaliphila B 13.2 ± 5.1% Nisin) Strenotrophomonasmaltophila 14.5 ± 2.0% AMP-7 Microbacterium paraoxydans (M9) 95.1 ± 0.1%0.5 mg/ml Alcaligenes faecalis 61.0 ± 1.3% Pseudomonas oleovorans A 81.9± 0.9% Pseudomonas alcaliphila A 38.9 ± 0.8% Pseudomonas alcaliphila B80.4 ± 2.1% Strenotrophomonas maltophila 11.0 ± 2.8% Pseudomonas sp.73.4 ±1.3% Horseradish Microbacterium paraoxydans (M9) 13.5 ± 3.7%Peroxidase Alcaligenes faecalis 69.4 ± 0.8% 0.05 mg/ml Pseudomonasoleovorans A 56.2 ± 1.0% Pseudomonas alcaliphila B *0.5 mg/ml 20.1 ±5.4% Pseudomonas sp. 82.1 ± 1.0% Glucose oxidase Microbacteriumparaoxydans 93.7 ± 1.4% 0.005 mg/ml Pseudomonas oleovorans A 12.7 ± 1.2%Pseudomonas oleovorans B (TSB) 13.5 ± 1.4% Pseudomonas oleovorans B (M9)64.0 ± 3.3% Pseudomonas alcaliphila A 33.1 ± 1.8% Pseudomonasalcaliphila B 89.1 ± 0.2% Strenotrophomonas maltophila 12.7 ± 3.5%Melittin Microbacterium paraoxydans 54.5 ± 2.0% 0.05 mg/ml Pseudomonasoleovorans A 18.3 ± 3.4% Pseudomonas alcaliphila B 41.4 ± 1.0%Pseudomonas alcaliphila A 14.9 ± 2.4% Pseudomonas sp. 35.2 ± 3.1%Strenotrophomonas maltophila 25.7 ± 3.4%

indicates data missing or illegible when filed

Reduction of metabolic activity of about 6000 or more was indicative ofbiocidal (e.g., killing) antibiological activity.

Example 48: This Example demonstrate selection method for a biomoleculecomposition as an antibiological agent by detection of bioactivity infilms produced by a cured coating.

Acrylic latex were admixed with various biomolecule compositions andcured into films for 40 minutes at 60° C. that underwent bioactivityassays specific for each active biomolecule. Activity values werecalculated using plate reader values as the average of triplicate runs,shown in the Table below.

TABLE 85 Bioactivity of various enzymes in acrylic latex Additive andSubstrate Additive Concentration Activity Lipase-Source A0-blank/control 0.0 4-nitrophenyl acetate 0.5 wt % on solids 5.2 1.5 wt% on solids 7.0 3.0 wt % on solids 10.6 Lipase-Source B 0-blank/control0.0 4-nitrophenyl acetate 0.5 wt % on solids 5.2 1.5 wt % on solids 6.33.0 wt % on solids 7.8 Lipase-Source C 0-blank/control 0.0 4-nitrophenylacetate 0.5 wt % on solids 0.4 1.5 wt % on solids 4.1 3.0 wt % on solids6.4 OPDtox ™ 0-blank/control 0.0 4- 0.5 wt % on solids 1.7 1.5 wt % onsolids 1.9 3.0 wt % on solids 1.7 Glucose Oxidase 0-blank/control 0.04-nitrophenyl Paint A acrylic latex-no −0.1 acetate/glucose 3.0 wt % onsolids 5.0 Horseradish Peroxidase 0-blank/control 0.0 4-nitrophenylPaint A acylic latex-no -0.1 acetate/glucose 3.0 wt % on solids 3.4

Increasing the percentage of biomolecule compositions relative tocoating solids all produced films with bioactivity relative nobioadditive controls or those with lower loading levels.

Example 49: This Example demonstrate selection method for a biomoleculecomposition as an antibiological agent by detection of bioactivity infilms produced by a cured coating using a high-throughput metabolicassay.

Acrylic latex were admixed with various biomolecule compositions toproduce cured films at 3% weight solids of bioadditive, and contactedwith Microbacterium paraoxydans for approximately 18 hours prior to XTTassay evaluation. The reduction in metabolic activity was measured byabsorbance readings per the assay instructions, and the average oftriplicate runs shown at the Table below.

TABLE 86 XTT measurments of Microbacterium paraoxydans upone contactwith various biocides. Reduction in Additive Absorbance Cells Alone(control)-no paint 0.0% Sample A-Acrylic latex (no added 28.3% SampleB-Acrylic latex (w/biocide) 71.8% Horseradish Peroxidase 9.9% GlucoseOxidase 22.0% Monolaurin 75.8% Nisin 76.0% AMP-7 80.6% AMP-6 82.1%

Reduction of absorbance reduction of about 60% or more was indicative ofbiocidal (e.g., killing) antibiological activity.

Example 50: This Example demonstrate selection method for a biomoleculecomposition as an antibiological agent by detection of bioactivity infilms produced by a cured coating after in-can storage of the coatingcomprising the biomolecule composition.

Acrylic latex were admixed with different lipase compositions and storedin-can up to 2 months prior to curing into films for 24 hours after drawdown of the coating. Each film underwent enzymatic activity assay andthe average of triplicate runs show in the Table below.

TABLE 87A Enzymatic activity of lipae after in-can storage 1 2 3Additive and Additive Week Weeks Weeks Substrate Concentration Activityin 

in 

in 

Lipase-Source A 0-blank/control 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4-nitrophenyl 0.5 wt %on 5.2 6.2 6.2 7.6 acetate 1.5 wt % on 7.0 7.3 6.5 9.7 3.0 wt % on 10.67.9 8.4 9.9 Lipase-Source B 0-blank/control 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.04-nitrophenyl 0.5 wt % on 5.2 4.9 5.5 8.6 acetate 1.5 wt % on 6.3 6.48.2 9.0 3.0 wt % on 7.8 8.7 6.4 8.2

indicates data missing or illegible when filed

TABLE 87B Enzymatic activity of lipae after in-can storage 1 Month 2Months Additive and Additive in in Substrate Concentration Activity cancan Lipase-Source A 0-blank/control 0.0 0.0 0.0 4-nitrophenyl acetate0.5 wt % on solids 5.2 6.7 4.6 1.5 wt % on solids 7.0 5.8 5.9 3.0 wt %on solids 10.6 6.3 8.2 Lipase-Source B 0-blank/control 0.0 0.0 0.04-nitrophenyl acetate 0.5 wt % on solids 5.2 3.2 5.0 1.5 wt % on solids6.3 4.5 5.5 3.0 wt % on solids 7.8 5.0 7.3

The in-film bioactivity of the lipase additives is indicative of lipaseactivity retention during in-can storage, as well as any antibiologicalactivity retention the lipase may possess during in-can storage.

Example 51: This Example demonstrate selection method for a biomoleculecomposition as an antibiological agent by detection of antibiologicalactivity in vitro using a high-throughput metabolic assay.

An XTT assay was conducted in liquid media (not paint) with microbechallenge by various bacteria. Assays were run for 20 hours and comparedto microbe-only control metabolism. The microbe-only controls shouldhave shown the full metabolism of the microbes. A reduction inmetabolism of about 60-80%0 was seen for heat treated and ethanoltreated samples and was considered full kill of the organism. Greaterreduction of metabolism was indicative of greater antibiologicalactivity. Thirty candidate antibiological agents were screened throughthis assay. The data in the below only shows the selected additives with50 or greater reduction value by an average of triplicate wells againstat least one of the microbe strains relative to the control sample.

TABLE 88 XTT metabolic activity of various microbes after contact withbiocides. Additive and Reduction in Concentration Microbe MetabolismLysozyme Microbacterium paraoxydans 60.4 ± 1.2% 0.5 mg/ml Alcaligenesfaecalis 20.9 ± 2.3% Pseudomonas oleovorans A 25.6 ± 0.7% Pseudomonasoleovorans B (TSB) 12.3 ± 2.0% Pseudomonas oleovorans B (M9) 55.4 ± 4.8%Pseudomonas alcaliphila B 34.4 ± 4.5% Pseudomonas sp. 29.0 ± 4.3%Strenotrophomonas maltophila 19.2 ± 3.6% Microbacterium paraoxydans 85.1± 0.4% Nisin mixture Pseudomonas oleovorans A 32.1 ± 3.0% (2.5% active)Pseudomonas oleovorans B (M9) 59.3 ± 0.5% 0.5 mg/ml Pseudomonasalcaliphila B 13.2 ± 5.1% (0.0125 mg/ Strenotrophomonas maltophila 14.5± 2.0% ml Nisin) AMP-7 Microbacterium paraoxydans (M9) 95.1 ± 0.1% 0.5mg/ml Alcaligenes faecalis 61.0 ± 1.3% Pseudomonas oleovorans A 81.9 ±0.9% Pseudomonas alcahphila A 38.9 ± 0.8% Pseudomonas alcaliphila B 80.4± 2.1% Strenotrophomonas maltophila 11.0 ± 2.8% Pseudomonas sp. 73.4 ±1.3% Horseradish Microbacterium paraoxydans (M9) 13.5 ± 3.7% PeroxidaseAlcaligenes faecalis 69.4 ± 0.8% 0.05 mg/ml Pseudomonas oleovorans A56.2 ± 1.0% Pseudomonas alcaliphila B *0.5 mg/ml 20.1 ± 5.4% Pseudomonassp. 82.1 ±1.0% Glucose oxidase Microbacterium paraoxydans 93.7 ± 1.4%Pseudomonas oleovorans A 12.7 ± 1.2% Pseudomonas oleovorans B (TSB) 13.5± 1.4% Pseudomonas oleovorans B (M9) 64.0 ± 3.3% Pseudomonas alcaliphilaA 33.1 ± 1.8% Pseudomonas alcaliphila B 89.1 ± 0.2% Strenotrophomonasmaltophila 12.7 ± 3.5%

Example 52: This Example demonstrate selection method for a biomoleculecomposition as an antibiological agent by detection of bioactivity infilms produced by a cured coating comprising the biomoleculecomposition.

All films were cured at 60° C. for 40 minutes. Activity values werecalculated using plate reader absorbance values and were the average ofthree individual spots for the assay. These values were a relativeactivity, and the focus was to prove that activity exists—i.e., that thebiomolecule composition can survive paint conditions to provide activityresults over the blank (no additive) sample. In this Table, values above0.0 prove the additive was active in the paint.

TABLE 89 Enzymatic activity in cured films Activity (relative Activityconversion Confirmed Additive rate of in Additive and SubstrateConcentration substrate) Paint Lipase-Source A 0-blank/control 0.0 Yes4-nitrophenyl acetate 0.5 wt % on solids 5.2 1.5 wt % on solids 7.0 3.0wt % on solids 10.6 Lipase-Source B 0-blank/control 0.0 Yes4-nitrophenyl acetate 0.5 wt % on solids 5.2 1.5 wt % on solids 6.3 3.0wt % on solids 7.8 Lipase-Source C 0-blank/control 0.0 Yes 4-nitrophenylacetate 0.5 wt % on solids 0.4 1.5 wt % on solids 4.1 3.0 wt % on solids6.4 OPDtox ™ 0-blank/control 0.0 Yes 4-nitrophenyl- 0.5 wt % on solids1.7 phosphorylcholine 1.5 wt % on solids 1.9 3.0 wt % on solids 1.7Glucose Oxidase 0-blank/control 0.0 Yes 4-nitrophenyl Paint A Acrylic−0.1 acetate/glucose latex-no additive 3.0 wt % on solids 5.0Horseradish Peroxidase 0-blank/control 0.0 Yes 4-nitrophenyl acetate/Paint A Acrylic −0.1 glucose latex-no additive 3.0 wt % on solids 3.4

Example 53: This Example demonstrates a selection method for abiomolecule composition as an antibiological agent by detection ofbioactivity in films produced by a cured coating using a high-throughputmetabolic assay.

This analysis determines if the biomolecular composition additives thathave antimicrobial effects are still active after admixing in the paint.The paints were all made at 3 wt % on solids of the additive, were cured(dried), and then were exposed to Microbacterium paraoxydans brothculture for approximately 18 hours before XTT exposure and absorbancereadings. Values greater than the Sample A control (the paint used inthe test) proved antimicrobial activity in the dried paint film. Thehorseradish peroxidase and glucose oxidase did not show anti-microbialactivity in this dry film assay in excess of the Sample A paint used tomake the films, as the Sample A paint has some residual biocide and mayhave mask activity from certain additives. The values in this Table arereported differently than the liquid XTT assay, because these samplescould not be evaluated with time because they were exposed to driedpaint film (not in a clear liquid assay). This data shows the differencein XTT analysis after exposure to the paint films, with cells notexposed to any paint film used as a zero point in the Table. The valuesgiven are % reduction in absorbance compared to cells alone (control)using the average of triplicate wells.

TABLE 90 XTT assay of Microbacterium paraoxydans upon contact with 

Reduction in Confirmed activity in Additive Absorbance paint Cells Alone0.0% n/a (control)-no paint Sample A-Acrylic 28.3% Yes, raw materialbiocide latex (no added Sample B-Acrylic 71.8% Yes, added biocide latex(w/biocide) Horseradish Peroxidase 9.9% No, less than Sample A GlucoseOxidase 22.0% No, less than Sample A Monolaurin 75.8% Yes, greater thanSample Nisin 76.0% Yes, greater than Sample AMP-7 80.6% Yes, greaterthan Sample AMP-6 82.1% Yes, greater than Sample

indicates data missing or illegible when filed

Example 54: This Example demonstrate selection method for measuringlipase activity as an antibiological agent by detection of bioactivityin films produced by a cured coating after in-can storage of the coatingcomprising the lipase compositions.

The samples were made with Acrylic latex Sample A paint (no addedbiocide) and have been left a room temperature (RT) since they werefirst made. At each time point, the samples are stirred by hand, a drawdown made on a Leneta chart, and the paint is left at RT to dry for 24hrs. The enzyme assay is done on the paint after the 24-hr dry time.These are relative conversion rates of the substrate used for the assayand are reported as the average of 3 spots on the dried films. The samecontrols are shown on both Table below. Values greater than theblank/control of showed that the lipase in the paint is still active.

TABLE 91A Enzymatic activity in films Additive and Additive Activity 1Week in 2 Weeks 3 Weeks Lipase- 0-blank/ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Source Acontrol 4- 0.5 wt % 5.2 6.2 6.2 7.6 nitrophenyl on solids acetate 1.5 wt% 7.0 7.3 6.5 9.7 on solids 3.0 wt % 10.6 7.9 8.4 9.9 on solids Lipase-0-blank/ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Source B control 4- 0.5 wt % 5.2 4.9 5.5 8.6nitrophenyl on solids acetate 1.5 wt % 6.3 6.4 8.2 9.0 on solids 3.0 wt% 7.8 8.7 6.4 8.2 on solids

TABLE 91B Enzymatic activity in films Additive and Additive Activity 1Month 2 Months 3 Months Lipase-Source A 0-blank/control 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.04-nitrophenyl acetate 0.5 wt % on solids 5.2 6.7 4.6 6.4 1.5 wt % onsolids 7.0 5.8 5.9 6.6 3.0 wt % on solids 10.6 6.3 8.2 7.0 Lipase-SourceB 0-blank/control 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4-nitrophenyl acetate 0.5 wt % onsolids 5.2 3.2 5.0 4.7 1.5 wt % on solids 6.3 4.5 5.5 4.6 3.0 wt % onsolids 7.8 5.0 7.3 5.3

While there is some variability in this assay, it is clear that thesamples were active after 3 months in liquid paint at room temperature(“RT”). It is contemplated that materials that are of interest for theiractivity may be assayed for enzyme activity obtain results as micromolarconversion of substrate per minute per unit area.

Example 55: This Example demonstrate determination of the amount(volume) of microbial inoculant needed to achieve visible contaminationof Acrylic latex paint having an antibiological agent added verse acontrol Acrylic latex Sample paint having no added antibiologicalsubstance (i.e., containing biocide preservative) and another controlAcrylic latex paint having regular commercial amounts of antibiologicalbiocide preservative(s).

Per ASTM D2574 protocol (ASTM Standard D2574-16, Standard Test Methodfor Resistance of Emulsion Coatings in the Container to Attack byMicroorganisms, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2016), eachof the strains of microbes were grown in tryptic soy broth liquid mediaindividually, and they were passed twice before use to inoculate thetest paints. The Pseudomonas spp. needed 72 hours while the otherstrains needed only 24 hours of growth time before inoculation. At thetime of testing, the microbes were mixed and each test paint sample wasinoculated with the mixture of microbes. The test paints were made bymixing each of the bio-based additives with Acrylic latex Sample A (noadded biocide) paint by hand. Each of the inoculated paints was storedin a sterilized, sealed, glass container at 30° C. for seven days.Microorganisms were recovered from each test paint on days 1, 3, 5, and7 of the ASTM D2574 test by dipping sterile swabs into each paint sampleand spreading over tryptic soy agar plates. The plates were made induplicate and were kept at 30° C. for 7 days. After incubating theplates for 7 days, the plates were evaluated for microbial growth andscored based on the number of colonies present (the Table below showsscoring system). Acrylic latex Sample A (no added biocide) and Acryliclatex Sample B (off-the-shelf formulation) were used in each test roundas positive and negative controls, respectively.

TABLE 92 Log scale rating system for streaked plate microbial growth.Reproduced from ASTM D2574. 0 = No bacterial recovery. 1 = Trace ofcontamination (1 to 9 colonies). 2 = Light contamination (10 to 99colonies). 3 = Moderate contamination (>100 distinct colonies). 4 =Heavy contamination (continuous smear of growth, colonies have growntogether and are indistinguishable).

The following variations from the ASTM D2574 testing protocol were made:two volumes that deviate from the ASTM suggested 100 g of paint wereevaluated—50 mL paint samples and 25 mL paint samples. Because of thevolume change in paint, the microbe culture volume was also reduced to 5mL of each strain versus the ASTM listed 10 mL volume. The paint volumesused and the selected biomolecule compositions for testing are shown inthe Table below.

TABLE 93 Bio-based additives identified for evaluation from Phase 1testing. 50 mL paint to be used 25 mL paint to be used for ASTM D2574for ASTM D2574 Lysozyme AMP-7 Nisin AMP-6 Monolaurin AMP-LKLKHorseradish Peroxidase Melittin Glucose Oxidase

Series 1 ASTM D2574: The test paints and antibiological agents includedAcrylic latex Sample A (no added biocide, original sample), Acryliclatex Sample B (with biocide, original sample), lysozyme 0.5 mg/mL(final concentration after admixing with the paint), lysozyme 5.0 mg/mL,AMP-7 0.5 mg/mL, and AMP-7 5.0 mg/mL. This series of tests also examinedtwo microbe contamination levels (1 μL inoculum/mL paint and 10 μLinoculum/mL paint) to determine if the ASTM recommended level ofcontamination would be suitable for further testing. The results in theTable below are averaged from duplicate plates at 7 days of growth, andshowed that the ASTM recommended contamination level was appropriate andshowed contamination of the control sample after 7 days; therefore, 1 μLinoculum/mL was used for testing in Series 2.

TABLE 94 Series 1 ASTM D2574 results with two levels of microbialcontamination. Score 0 = no growth, 4 = continuous growth. Contaminationlevel = 1 μL inoculum/mL paint (ASTM recommended level) ASTM Score (0-4)Sample Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7 Notes Acrylic latex B 0 0 0 0 No odorfrom (biocide) paint (7 day) Acrylic latex A (no 4 4 4 4 Slight odorfrom added biocide) paint (7 day) Lysozyme 0.5 mg/mL 4 4 4 4 No odorfrom paint (7 day) Lysozyme 5.0 mg/mL 4 4 4 4 Slight odor from paint (7day) AMP-7 0.5 mg/mL 4 4 4 4 Slight odor from paint (7 day) AMP-7 5.0mg/mL 4 4 4 4 Strong odor from paint (7 day) Contamination level = 10 μLinoculum/mL paint

TABLE 94 Series 1 ASTM D2574 results with two levels of microbialcontamination. Score 0 = no growth, 4 = continuous growth. Contaminationlevel = 1 μL inoculum/mL paint (ASTM recommended level) ASTM Score (0-4)Sample Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7 Notes Acrylic latex B (biocide) 3 0 0 0No odor from paint (7 day) Acrylic latex A (no 4 4 4 4 Strong odor fromadded biocide) paint (7 day) Lysozyme 0.5 mg/mL 4 4 4 4 Strong odor frompaint (7 day) Lysozyme 5.0 mg/mL 4 4 4 4 Strong odor from paint (7 day)AMP-7 0.5 mg/mL 4 4 4 4 Strong odor from paint (7 day) AMP-7 5.0 mg/mL 44 4 4 Strong odor from paint (7 day)

The lysozyme and AMP-7 samples all showed continuous growth and scored“4” like the Acrylic latex A sample; the lysozyme and AMP-7 samples didshow a difference with some individual colonies present in those platesand not in the Acrylic latex A (no added biocide) plates. Specificallythe streaked plates for Series 1, day 7 of the Acrylic latex Sample A(no added biocide) showed yellowing of the paint and a textured surfaceof continuous microbial growth (score=4). Series 1, day 7 of the Acryliclatex B (biocide) paint showed no growth (score=0), as the paint streaksremained white and no additional texture (no growth) seen. The streakedplate for Series 1, day 7 of the AMP-7 0.5 mg/mL paint showed continuousgrowth (score=4) and some individual colonies are present not seen inthe Acrylic latex A sample. The streaked plates for Series 1, day 7 ofthe lysozyme 0.5 mg/mL paint showed continuous growth (score=4) and somesmall individual colonies are present not seen in the Acrylic latex Asample. The individual colonies could indicate that the AMP-7 andlysozyme additives are having a biocidal effect on certain microbialstrains, which formed individual colonies and did not exhibit continuousgrowth due to their reduced number.

Series 2 ASTM D2574: This series was used to test the bio-basedadditives listed in the Table above, Acrylic latex Sample A (no addedbiocide, new sample), and Acrylic latex Sample B (with biocide, originalsample). Each bio-based antibiological agent was tested at the levelthat showed anti-microbial activity in XTT in vitro analysis and at alevel 10× higher. The seven-day testing period has been completed, butthe seven-day growth period of the streaked plates has only beencompleted up to day 5, though the growth on day 7 plates appear tofollow the same trend as day 5 plates. The results are averaged fromduplicate plates at 7 days of growth for these samples, and are providedin the Table below.

TABLE 95 Series 2 ASTM D2574 results. Score 0 = no growth, 4 =continuous growth. Contamination level = 1 μL inoculum/mL paint (ASTMrecommended level) ASTM Score (0-4) Sample Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7 NotesAcrylic latex B 1 0 0 TBD No odor from (biocide) paint (7 day) Acryliclatex A (no 4 1 0 TBD No odor from added biocide) paint (7 day) Lysozyme0.5 mg/mL 4 0 0 TBD No odor from paint (7 day) Lysozyme 5.0 mg/mL 4 0 0TBD No odor from paint (7 day) AMP-7 0.5 mg/mL 4 0 0 TBD No odor frompaint (7 day) AMP-7 5.0 mg/mL 4 0 0.5 TBD No odor from paint (7 day)Nisin 0.5 mg/mL 4 2 0 TBD No odor from paint (7 day) Nisin 5.0 mg/mL 4 10 TBD No odor from paint (7 day) Monolaurin 0.5 mg/mL 4 0 0 TBD No odorfrom paint (7 day) Monolaurin 5.0 mg/mL 4 0.5 0 TBD No odor from paint(7 day) Horseradish peroxidase 4 0 0 TBD No odor from 0.05 mg/mL paint(7 day) Horseradish peroxidase 4 1 0 TBD No odor from 0.5 mg/mL paint (7day) AMP-6 0.5 mg/mL 4 0 0 TBD No odor from paint (7 day) AMP-6 5.0mg/mL 4 0.5 0.5 TBD No odor from paint (7 day) AMP-LKLK 0.5 4 0 0 TBD Noodor from mg/mL paint (7 day) AMP-LKLK 5.0 4 1 0 TBD No odor from mg/mLpaint (7 day) Glucose oxidase 0.005 4 0 0 TBD No odor from mg/mL paint(7 day) Glucose oxidase 0.05 3 0 0 TBD No odor from mg/mL paint (7 day)Melittin 0.005 mg/mL 4 1 0 TBD No odor from paint (7 day) Melittin 0.05mg/mL 4 0 0 TBD No odor from paint (7 day)

It appears from the differences in Series 1 and Series 2 growth resultsthat the age of the Acrylic latex A paint (no added biocide) effectsmicrobial growth at the same inoculation level, with the older paintshowing significantly more microbial growth. Prior to beginning Series 1and 2, the Acrylic latex A paint (original sample) was streaked onto anagar plate and zero microbial growth was confirmed (to ensure the paintsample itself was not contaminated). It is unclear at this point whatdifference exists between the two samples to result in the greatdifference in growth with the same inoculant concentration. Because ofthis difference in microbial growth between the two Acrylic latex Asamples, the inoculation level used in Series 1 does not appear to behigh enough for the newer Acrylic latex A sample.

The day 1 results from Series 2 testing showed all the samples hadcontinuous growth other than Acrylic latex B (with biocide) and glucoseoxidase 0.05 mg/mL. The streaked plates for Series 2, day 1 of theglucose oxidase 0.05 mg/mL paint showed reduced colonies of microbialgrowth (score=3) compared to Acrylic latex Sample A (score=4). TheAcrylic latex Sample A still shows some microbial growth for day 3(score=1) while several of the bio-based additives appear to enhanceantimicrobial effects for the paint and show results similar to theAcrylic latex Sample B with zero discernable growth. From day 3 of thisanalysis, lysozyme, monolaurin, horseradish peroxidase, AMP-7, AMP-6,AMP-LKLK, glucose oxidase, and melittin all show no microbial growth(score=0).

Day 5 results showed no growth (score=0) for the Acrylic latex A sample(Sherwin-Williams). At day 7 the Sample A control (no added biocide) didnot show contamination, therefor due to the results of this controlSeries 2 data is inconclusive.

The ASTM procedure states that another inoculation should be made at ahigher level (10 μl inoculant/mL of paint) and the test continuedrepeating the seven day sampling period with new scores. After seeingday 5 results for Acrylic latex A of no growth, swabs of each of theoriginal paint samples were taken and added to liquid TSB media topromote growth of any microbes present. This was done as an enhancementof the ASTM data to determine if enough bacterial cells remain toestablish growth in the liquid media as opposed to the streak plates(random sampling for streak plates may miss cells when the number isvery low). After 24 hours of growth in the liquid TSB media, swabs werestreaked onto TSA plates for growth evaluation. The plates will beincubated for 7 days and examined for growth. These plates do not getscored like the original ASTM D2574 plates, but they can helpdifferentiate between complete kill and significant reduction inmicrobial content in the test paints.

Example 56: This Example demonstrate determination of the amount(volume) of microbial inoculant needed to achieve visible contaminationof Acrylic latex paint having an antibiological agent added verse acontrol Acrylic latex Sample paint having no added antibiologicalsubstance (i.e., containing biocide preservative) and another controlAcrylic latex paint having regular commercial amounts of antibiologicalbiocide preservative(s) by modifying the amount of inoculant afterinitial inconclusive results of an antibiological substance freecontrol.

The Series 2 testing in above was inconclusive due to the results fromthe Acrylic latex A negative control sample prepared to lack added paintpreservative. The undesired presence of an antimicrobial substance inone or more coating components before admixing to produce the Acryliclatex A may have accounted for the lack of microbial growth in theAcrylic latex A sample. Series 2 round of testing was repeated both byre-inoculation of the existing Series 2 paints at a higher inoculumlevel (10 μL inoculum/mL paint) and by making new paint samples andinoculating at the higher level (10 μL inoculum/mL paint).

Per ASTM D2574, each of the strains of microbes were grown in trypticsoy broth liquid media individually, and they were passed twice beforeuse to inoculate the test paints. The Pseudomonas spp. needed 72 hourswhile the other strains needed only 24 hours of growth time beforeinoculation. At the time of testing, the strains of microbes were mixedand each test paint sample was inoculated with the mixture of microbes.The test paints were made by mixing each of the bio-based additives withAcrylic latex Sample A (no added biocide) paint by hand. Each of theinoculated paints was stored in a sterilized, sealed, glass container at30° C. for seven days. Microorganisms were recovered from each testpaint on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 of the ASTM D2574 test by dipping sterileswabs into each paint sample and spreading over tryptic soy agar plates.The plates were made in duplicate and were kept at 30° C. for 7 days.After incubating the plates for 7 days, the plates were evaluated formicrobial growth and scored based on the number of colonies present asper ASTM D2574 described in the Examples above. All scores are averagedfrom duplicate plates at 7 days of growth. Acrylic latex Sample A (noadded biocide) and Acrylic latex Sample B (off-the-shelf formulation)were used in each test round as negative and positive controls,respectively.

The ASTM D2574 protocol was modified by testing at two volumes thatdeviate from the ASTM suggested 100 g of paint: 50 mL paint samples and25 mL paint samples. The antibiological agents test and paint samplesvolumes were the same as the Examples above with the addition ofmeasuring glucose oxidase, duramycin and beta-mannosidase in 25 mLpaint. Because of the volume change in paint, the microbe culture volumewas also reduced to 5 mL of each strain versus the ASTM listed 10 mLvolume.

Re-inoculated Series 2 and Series 3 samples per ASTM D2574: Test paintsfor this series of tests included all the Series 2 paints that werereinoculated at a higher level and freshly made paints as shown in Tablebelow.

TABLE 96A Series 2 ASTM D2574 results for reinoculated plates. L =large; sm = small; col = colonies. Re-inoculated Series 2 paints; 10 μLinoculum/mL paint ASTM Score (0-4) Sample Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7 NotesAcrylic latex B (biocide) 4 2 4 1 1 plate with 80 col; 1 plate with 0Acrylic latex A (no added 4 4 4 3.5 biocide, 6/22/17) Lysozyme 0.5 mg/mL4 4 3 3 Lysozyme 5.0 mg/mL 4 4 3.5 2.5 AMP-7 0.5 mg/mL 4 4 4 4 Lawn ofsm clear col AMP-7 5.0 mg/mL 4 4 4 4 Nisin 0.5 mg/mL 4 4 4 3.5 Nisin 5.0mg/mL 4 4 4 4 L brown col on lawn of sm clear Monolaurin 0.5 mg/mL 4 4 43.5 Monolaurin 5.0 mg/mL 4 4 4 4 Lawn of sm clear col Horseradishperoxidase 4 4 4 3 0.05 mg/mL Horseradish peroxidase 0.5 4 3 4 4 Lawn ofsm mg/mL clear col AMP-6 0.5 mg/mL 4 4 3 3 AMP-6 5.0 mg/mL 4 4 4 4 Lawnof sm clear col AMP-LKLK 0.5 mg/mL 4 4 4 3.5 AMP-LKLK 5.0 mg/mL 4 4 4 4Glucose oxidase 0.005 4 4 4 4 mg/mL Glucose oxidase 0.05 4 4 3.5 4 Lawnof sm mg/mL clear col Melittin 0.005 mg/mL 4 4 4 3 Melittin 0.05 mg/mL 43.5 2.5 4

TABLE 96B Series 3 ASTM D2574 results. Freshly made paint samples; 10 μLinoculum/mL paint (unless otherwise indicated). L = large; sm = small;col = colonies. Additive samples were made using Acrylic latex A fromJun. 22, 2017 unless otherwise indicated. ASTM Score (0-4) Sample Day 1Day 3 Day 5 Day 7 Notes Acrylic latex A (no added 3 4 4 4 biocide, Mar.6, 2017) 1 μL inoc/mL paint Acrylic latex A (no added 4 4 4 4 biocide,Mar. 6, 2017) 10 μL inoc/mL paint Acrylic latex A (no added 3.5 0.5 0 0biocide, Jun. 22, 2017) 1 μL inoc/mL paint Acrylic latex A (no added 4 44 4 biocide, Jun. 22, 2017) 10 μL inoc/mL paint Lysozyme 0.5 mg/mL 4 4 44 L brown col on lawn of sm clear Lysozyme 5.0 mg/mL 4 4 3 4 Lawn of smclear col Monolaurin 0.5 mg/mL 4 4 4 4 Monolaurin 5.0 mg/mL 4 4 4 4AMP-7 0.5 mg/mL 4 4 4 4 AMP-7 5.0 mg/mL 4 4 3.5 4 Lawn of sm clear colAMP-6 0.5 mg/mL 4 3.5 2 0 Day 5 - brown col remain AMP-6 5.0 mg/mL 4 4 44 AMP-LKLK 0.5 mg/mL 4 4 4 4 Lawn of sm clear col AMP-LKLK 5.0 mg/mL 4 44 4

The two samples of Acrylic latex A paint (no added biocide) werecompared at low (1 μL inoculum/mL paint) and high (10 μL inoculum/mLpaint) inoculation concentrations. Streaked plates for Series 3, day 7of the old Sample A at low inoculation and old Sample A at highinoculation showed continuous growth (score=4). Plates for new Sample Aat low inoculation showed no growth (score=0) while those at highinoculation showed significant growth (score=4).

The streaked plates for samples that were tested in the reinoculation ofSeries 2 and the freshly made samples of Series 3 (these samples weretested during the same time period using the same microbial cultures).The test can be considered valid because the control sample (Acryliclatex A, no added biocide) showed microbial growth on day 7. Thestreaked plates for the re-inoculated Series 2, day 7 of the Acryliclatex Sample A (high inoculation, no added biocide) showed yellowing ofthe paint and a textured surface of continuous microbial growth(score=4), while the reinoculated Series 2, day 7 of the Acrylic latex B(biocide) paint showed one plate with 80 colonies and one with no growth(score=1). The lysozyme and AMP-7 samples all showed continuous growthand scored “4” like the Acrylic latex A sample; the lysozyme and AMP-7samples did show a difference with some individual colonies present inthose plates and not in the Acrylic latex A (no added biocide) plates.The individual colonies could indicate that the AMP-7 and lysozymeadditives are having a biocidal effect on certain microbial strains,which formed individual colonies and did not exhibit continuous growthdue to their reduced number. The AMP-6 sample at lower concentration(0.5 mg/mL) showed no growth (score=0) for day 7.

Series 4 ASTM D2574: This series was used to test the remainingbio-based antibiological agents that were not included in Series 3,Acrylic latex Sample A (no added biocide, new sample), Acrylic latexSample B (with biocide, original sample) and AMP-6 to confirm resultsfrom Series 3 testing. All scores are averaged from duplicate plates at7 days of growth. The results for these samples are provided in theTable below and show that the Acrylic latex A samples, and several ofthe candidate additive systems. All scores are averaged from duplicateplates at 7 days of growth.

TABLE 97 Series 4 reinoculated ASTM D2574 results. Notes provided givelevel of growth on plate (heavy, moderate, light, zero) and theestimated number of colony types based on pigment and morphology. ASTMScore (0-4) Notes Sample Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7 Growth level/# ofstrains Acrylic latex B (biocide) 3 0 0 0 Zero growth/zero strainsAcrylic latex A (no added 4 4 4 4 Heavy/mixed strains biocide, Jun. 22,2017) Nisin 0.5 mg/mL 4 4 4 4 Moderate - Heavy/2 strains; Brown col onlawn of clear col Nisin 5.0 mg/mL 4 4 4 4 Moderate/2 strains; L browncol and sm brown col Horseradish peroxidase 4 3 3 4 Moderate - Heavy/1strain 0.05 mg/mL Horseradish peroxidase 4 4 4 4 Moderate/2 strains (1 <10 0.5 mg/mL colonies) AMP-6 0.5 mg/mL 4 4 3.5 4 Moderate - Heavy/2strains (1 < 10 colonies); brown col on lawn of clear col AMP-6 5.0mg/mL 4 4 4 4 Heavy / mixed strains; lawn of clear col Glucose oxidase0.005 4 4 4 4 Moderate/1 strain mg/mL Glucose oxidase 0.05 4 4 4 4Moderate/1 strain mg/mL Melittin 0.005 mg/mL 4 4 4 4 Heavy/mixed strainsMelittin 0.05 mg/mL 4 4 4 4 Moderate - Heavy/2-3 strains; Sm clear colDuramycin 0.02 mg/mL 4 4 4 4 Moderate/2 strains (1 < 10 colonies)Duramycin 0.2 mg/mL 4 4 4 4 Moderate/1 strain β-mannosidase 0.075 4 3 34 Moderate - Heavy/2-3 strains; U/mL Sm tan, 1 L tan, 1 L yellow

Several biomolecule compositions provided significant reduction incolony counts and number of colony types compared with the Acrylic latexA control, and exhibited biocidal activity comparable to traditionalbiocides for certain strains in Acrylic latex coating when testedagainst the various bacteria being evaluated herein. This is apparentfrom the standardized test scoring to a certain degree, but is markedlyso from actual colony counts of individual strains, as severalbiomolecule compositions showed complete kill of 8 strains, though oneor more stains remained.

Example 57: This Example demonstrate selection method for a combinationof biomolecule compositions as an antibiological agent combination bydetection of antibiological activity in vitro using a high-throughputmetabolic assay.

XTT assays were conducted using the mixture of the microbial strainswith paired combinations of the antibiological agents. The rankedresults are given in the Table below for the XTT assay conducted in abuffered solution and show that several combinations had a significanteffect on the metabolism of the microbe mixture. A few of thebiomolecular compositions showed large standard deviations. This hasbeen attributed to the use of the mixture of microbial strains becauseseveral of the strains are pigmented and could influence the absorbancereadings differently based on which strains remained after exposure tothe additive. DMSO was included to provide monolaurin solubility and wasincluded with the other additives to determine inherent effects.

TABLE 98 XTT assay results showing percent reduction in metabolism forthe bio-additive or a combination of additives. Higher percentage = lesscell growth. % Reduction in Metabolism Std Additive or Combination ofAdditives Averages Dev 0.5 mg/ml AMP-7 + 0.5 mg/ml monolaurin 71.6 11.30.5 mg/ml AMP-6 + 0.5 mg/ml monolaurin 69.7 6.3 0.5 mg/ml lysozyme + 0.5mg/ml monolaurin 69.7 1.8 0.5 mg/ml AMP-LKLK + 0.5 mg/ml monolaurin 68.85.0 0.5 mg/ml peroxidase + 0.5 mg/ml monolaurin 65.7 18.2 0.5 mg/mlnisin + 0.5 mg/ml monolaurin 65.6 16.1 0.5 mg/ml AMP-6 + 0.5 mg/ml AMP-754.5 1.0 0.5 mg/ml AMP-7 + 0.5 mg/ml AMP-LKLK 52.4 1.3 0.5 mg/mlmonolaurin 48.2 1.2 0.05 mg/ml glucose oxidase + 0.5 mg/ml monolaurin46.9 51.8 0.05 mg/ml glucose oxidase + 0.5 mg/ml peroxidase 44.1 2.1 0.5mg/ml peroxidase + 0.5 mg/ml AMP-7 43.5 5.0 0.05 mg/ml glucose oxidase +0.5 mg/ml AMP-6 42.9 1.1 0.05 mg/ml glucose oxidase + 0.5 mg/ml AMP-739.4 6.2 0.5 mg/ml nisin + 0.5 mg/ml peroxidase 39.2 6.4 0.05 mg/mlglucose oxidase + 0.5 mg/ml AMP-LKLK 37.2 5.8 0.5 mg/ml nisin + 0.5mg/ml AMP-7 36.7 1.8 0.5 mg/ml AMP-7 + DMSO 33.8 4.6 0.05 mg/ml glucoseoxidase + DMSO 33.0 4.4 0.5 mg/ml lysozyme + 0.5 mg/ml AMP-7 30.3 2.20.5 mg/ml lysozyme + 0.5 mg/ml glucose oxidase 29.7 0.7 0.5 mg/mlAMP-6 + DMSO 29.6 7.4 0.5 mg/ml nisin + 0.05 mg/ml glucose oxidase 24.63.9 0.5 mg/ml lysozyme + DMSO 24.4 1.4 0.5 mg/ml nisin + 0.5 mg/ml AMP-623.9 10.6 0.5 mg/ml peroxidase + 0.5 mg/ml AMP-LKLK 21.8 10.7 0.5 mg/mlAMP-7 21.7 9.4 0.5 mg/ml nisin 19.1 4.2 0.5 mg/ml peroxidase + 0.5 mg/mlAMP-6 19.0 2.7 0.5 mg/ml peroxidase 18.6 4.0 0.5 mg/ml peroxidase + DMSO18.4 21.6 0.05 mg/ml glucose oxidase 17.0 3.8 0.5 mg/ml lysozyme + 0.5mg/ml nisin 16.8 5.5 0.5 mg/ml lysozyme + 0.5 mg/ml peroxidase 16.5 2.00.5 mg/ml lysozyme + 0.5 mg/ml AMP-6 15.8 0.7 0.5 mg/ml nisin + DMSO15.2 5.1 0.5 mg/ml AMP-LKLK + DMSO 12.4 4.5 0.5 mg/ml nisin + 0.5 mg/mlAMP-LKLK 8.6 4.6 0.5 mg/ml lysozyme 7.1 9.9 0.5 mg/ml lysozyme + 0.5mg/ml AMP-LKLK 1.3 6.5 0.5 mg/ml AMP-LKLK −2.0 2.7 0.5 mg/ml AMP-6 −9.21.9 0.5 mg/ml AMP-6 + 0.5 mg/ml AMP-LKLK −15.1 3.6

Example 58: This Example demonstrate evaluation of combinations ofantibiological agents in inhibiting contamination of Acrylic latex paintverse a control Acrylic latex Sampi paint having no added antibiologicalsubstance (i.e., containing biocide preservative) and another controlAcrylic latex paint having regular commercial amounts of antibiologicalbiocide preservative(s).

Series 5 ASTM D2574: This series was used to reinoculate the Series 3AMP-6 (0.5 mg/mL) sample, introduce some combinations of materials basedon the last few ASTM test results and the XTT data collected, and testAMP-6 at lower concentrations. It was also noticed that the monolaurinhad limited solubility in the paint for previous ASTM testing, and thisround of testing used an improved method for monolaurin incorporation bywarming the paint and monolaurin followed by vigorous mixing whichresulted in a more stabile mixture of the two. All scores are averagedfrom duplicate plates at 7 days of growth, and are shown at the Tablebelow.

TABLE 99 Series 5 ASTM D2574 results. Notes provided give level ofgrowth on plate (heavy, moderate, light, zero) and the estimated numberof colony types based on pigment and morphology. ASTM Score (0-4) NotesSample Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7 Growth level/# of strains Acrylic latex B(biocide) 2.5 0 0 0 Zero growth/zero strains Acrylic latex A (no added 44 4 3 Moderate/2-3 strains (1 < 20 biocide, Jun. 22, 2017) colonies)Series 3 AMP-6 0.5 4 4 4 4 Moderate/1 strain mg/mL, reinoculation AMP-60.05 mg/mL 4 4 3 3 Light-Moderate/2 strains (1 < 10 colonies) AMP-6 0.25mg/mL 4 4 3.5 3 Moderate/2 strains (1 < 10 colonies) AMP-6 0.5 mg/mL 4 44 3 Heavy/3 strains (1 < 10 colonies) Monolaurin (improved 4 4 4 3Moderate/2 strains (1 < 10 soln. process) 0.5 mg/mL colonies) AMP-6 0.5mg/mL + 4 4 4 4 Moderate/2-3 strains monolaurin 0.5 mg/mL AMP-6 0.5mg/mL + 4 4 3.5 3 Light-Moderate/2 strains lysozyme 0.5 mg/mL AMP-6 0.5mg/mL + 4 4 4 3 Moderate/2 strains (1 < 20 glucose oxidase 0.05colonies) mg/mL AMP-6 0.25 mg/mL + 4 4 3.5 3 Moderate/2 strains (1 < 20AMP-7 0.25 mg/mL colonies) Lysozyme 0.5 mg/mL + 4 4 3.5 3 Heavy/2-3strains monolaurin 0.5 mg/mL

Basing selection on results from individual additive studies, pairwisecombinations of bio-based additives are exhibiting synergistic biocidalcharacteristics (greater reduction in colony counts). These resultsindicate that by understanding the weakly surviving individual strainsand adjusting the biomolecule composition combinations to specificallyaddress these surviving strains, the biomolecule composition cocktailwill result in complete in-can preservation comparable to thetraditional biocides presently used.

Example 59: This Example demonstrates combinations of antibiologicalagents with or without non-biobased antibiologic substances that inhibitcontamination of Acrylic latex paint.

Various combinations of antibiological agents with or withoutnon-biobased antibiological substances were admixed with Acrylic latex Apaint (no biocide) and challenged in-can with the cocktail ofmicroorganisms per ASTM D2574 protocol as previously described. Thecombinations shown in the Table below demonstrated complete inhibition(score=0) of microbial growth.

TABLE 100 Composition of Antibiological Substances Cocktails AdditiveConcentration Mode of Action Cocktail A AMP-7  0.5 mg/mL Cell membrane  disruption Lysozyme  0.5 mg/mL Cell wall disruption Glucose oxidase 0.05mg/mL Peroxide generation Alginate lyase  0.5 mg/mL Biofilm disrupterCocktail B Nisin  0.5 mg/mL Cell wall disruption Lysozyme  0.5 mg/mLCell wall disruption Horseradish  0.5 mg/mL Free radical peroxidase  generation EDTA  0.5 mg/mL Chelator, metallo-   enzyme inhibitor ABHClfrom Sigma  0.5 mg/mL Serine protease (cat # 857661-1G, lot inhibitor #SLBT-4775).

As Acrylic latex B possesses chemical preservatives that inhibit in-canmicrobial contamination and Acrylic latex B paint is prepared withoutthose biocides, the amount of those biocides can be reduced by mixingvarious amounts of Acrylic latex A and Acrylic latex B, and thenbiobased antibiological agent(s) added to demonstrate that a cocktail ofstandard preservative(s) at a reduced amount and one or moreantibiological agent(s) can achieve comparable in-can preservativeactivity as Acrylic latex A with standard chemical biocides. The Acryliclatex A+B mixtures with or without an antimicrobial agent werechallenged in-can with the cocktail of microorganisms per ASTM D2574protocol as previously described, with results shown on the Table below.

TABLE 101 Ability to Reduce Traditional Biocide Loading withAntibiological Agents Paint and Additive Day 1 Day3 Day 5 Day7 1:1Acrylic latex A + Acrylic latex B 3 3 1 1 2:1 Acrylic latex A + Acryliclatex B 3 4 4 3* 9:1 Acrylic latex A + Acrylic latex B 4 4 3 4 1:1Acrylic latex A + Acrylic latex 3.5 4 3 3.5 B + Lysozyme 2:1 Acryliclatex A + Acrylic latex 3 4 3 2* B + Lysozyme 9:1 Acrylic latex A +Acrylic latex 4 4 3 3 B + Lysozyme 1:1 Acrylic latex A + Acrylic latexB + AMP-7 3.5 4 3 4 2:1 Acrylic latex A + Acrylic latex B + AMP-7 4 4 33 9:1 Acrylic latex A + Acrylic latex B + AMP-7 4 4 3 3 *A score of 3is > 100 colonies, the score of 2 had 50 and 28 colonies on theduplicates.

Example 60: This Example demonstrates identification of resistantmicroorganisms to in-can antibiological substances by visual appearancerelative to the strains used herein.

Often only a subset of the microorganisms being evaluated is resistantto the in-can antimicrobial substance being evaluated. If one organismsurvives to grow, then that will be indicative of an antibiologicalsubstance that may be less desirable for in-can use. Resistant subsetorganism(s) to one antibiological substance may be susceptible toanother antibiological substance, so that combination of antibiologicalsubstances may produce a cocktail with desirable antibiologicalproperties. Visual comparison of remaining colonies after conductingASTM D2574 protocol in the previous Examples to the species of challengeorganisms was done to identify specific antibiological substanceresistances and susceptibilities, and the results shown in the Tablebelow.

TABLE 102 Visual Identification of Species of Microbes Resistant toSpecific Antibiological Agent(s) Resistant Organism(s) AntibiologicalAgent(s) Appearance Corresponding Microbe  0.05 mg/ml Melittin: YellowMicrobacterium paraoxydans  0.05 mg/ml Melittin: Brown Pseudomonasoleovorans B  5.0 mg/ml Lysozyme: Yellow Microbacterium paraoxydans  5.0mg/ml Lysozyme: Brown Pseudomonas oleovorans B  0.5 mg/ml Monolaurin:Brown Pseudomonas aeruginosa B  0.5 mg/ml Monolaurin: Lawn #1Pseudomonas oleovorans B  0.5 mg/ml Monolaurin: Lawn #2 Pseudomonas sp. 0.5 mg/mL AMP-7/ Brown Pseudomonas oleovorans A  0.5 mg/ml Monolaurin: 0.5 mg/ml AMP-7/ Lawn 1 Pseudomonas sp.  0.5 mg/ml Monolaurin:  0.5mg/ml AMP-7/ Lawn 2 Pseudomonas alcaliphila B  0.5 mg/ml Monolaurin: 0.5 mg/ml AMP-6: Brown Pseudomonas aeruginosa A 0.005 mg/ml GlucoseOxidase: Brown Pseudomonas oleovorans B  0.05 mg/ml Peroxidase: BrownMicrobacterium paraoxydans  0.5 mg/ml AMP-6/ Yellow Pseudomonasoleovorans B  0.5 mg/ml Lysozyme  0.5 mg/ml AMP-6/ Brown Pseudomonas sp. 0.5 mg/ml Lysozyme  0.5 mg/ml AMP-6/ Lawn Pseudomonas aeruginosa B  0.5mg/ml Lysozyme  0.5 mg/ml AMP-6/ Pseudomonas oleovoran B  0.5 mg/mlLysozyme + EDTA Acrylic latex B Series 1

Example 61: This Example demonstrates identification of resistantmicroorganisms to in-can antibiological substances by DNA sequence andcomparison to sequences of species in DNA databases.

To identify one or more species of organisms resistant to variousantibiological substance(s) after conducting ASTM D2574 protocol in theprevious Examples, the DNA sequences of resistant organisms werecompared to the DNA sequences found in the GenBank database.

The resistant colony or lawn of bacteria growth was plate streaked toisolate colony(s) for DNA analysis. DNA was extracted and used in PCRamplification and DNA sequences. The sequences were aligned and comparedto those found in the GenBank data base. Various resistant organismswere identified that matched the visual identification in the Exampleabove. The yellow colonies resistant to mellitin were verified by DNAsequence to be Microbacterium paraoxydans. As a positive control, thesequences of the organisms being evaluated herein were compared to thosein the GenBank database, and organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bidentified as having 99% identify with other species of Pseudomonas orPseudomonas aeruginosa.

Thus, PCR amplification and sequence analysis was useful for rapididentification of isolates following standard ASTM paint challenge. Itconfirmed identification of suspected strains based on colony morphology(yellow Microbacterium colonies), but was most beneficial for rapididentification of more obscure clear or brown colonies and lawn growth.Several commonly seen resistant colony types by visual identificationwere identified by DNA sequencing as remaining members from a number ofantibiological agent challenges, such as Pseudomonas oleovorans B. DNAanalysis was used to confirm the identity of single remaining isolatesin several cases, glucose oxidase, peroxidase, and AMP-7/Lysozyme/EDTA;and was able to determine that Pseudomonas oleovorans B was able tosurvive challenge in Acrylic latex B.

Example 62: This Example demonstrates selection of an antibiologicalagent from one or more similar antibiological agents for use against aparticular microorganism.

As peptide libraries can possess millions of different peptidesequences, many having various antibiological properties that includesome being more effective against a certain microorganism over another.The effectiveness of an antibiological substance can be modified(“tuned”) by selection of one or more peptides having enhancedantibiological activity against a target microorganism. The selection ofthe specific antibiological peptide between AMP-6, having the sequenceFRLKFH, and AMP-7, having the sequence FRLKFHF, was conducted by growthcurve comparison of Pseudomonas sp. grown in media containing differingconcentrations of either AMP-6 or AMP-7, with no added antimicrobialagent media as a negative control and media containing theantibiological substance ethanol as a positive control of growthinhibition, as shown in the table below.

TABLE 103 Selection of a Specific Antibiological Agent from SeveralSimlar Ones Using Microbial Growth Rates Additive Generation Time(Hours) % Increase Generation Control 5.65 0 Ethanol 34.83 516  0.5mg/ml AMP-6 144.30 2452 0.05 mg/ml AMP-6 4.67 −17  0.5 mg/ml AMP-7505.05 8833.33 0.05 mg/ml AMP-7 3030.30 53500

Based on the enhanced antibiological activity of AMP-7 relative to AMP-6against for Pseudomonas sp., the former peptide is contemplated for usein antimicrobial substances that protect against Pseudomonas sp. Furtherevaluations of AMP-6, AMP-7 and AMP-LKLK were made using the XTT assayper the previous Examples against various organisms of the microbesbeing evaluated herein, with the results shown in the Table below.

TABLE 104 Selection of a Specific Antibiological Agent from SeveralSimlar Ones Using the XTT Metabolic Assay Biomolecule % ReductionStandard Composition Concentration Microbe in Metabolism Deviatio AMP-7 0.5 mg/mL Microbacterium paraoxydans 95.1 0.1 AMP-7  0.5 mg/mLPseudomonas oleovorans A 84.2 1.0 AMP-7  0.5 mg/mL Pseudomonasalcaliphila B 80.4 2.1 AMP-7  0.5 mg/mL Pseudomonas alcaliphila A 77.50.9 AMP-6  0.5 mg/mL Pseudomonas sp. 76.3 0.5 AMP-7  0.5 mg/mLPseudomonas sp. 73.4 1.3 AMP-7  0.5 mg/mL Pseudomonas aeruginosa B 65.41.0 AMP-7  0.5 mg/mL Pseudomonas oleovorans B 64.4 0.6 AMP-7  0.5 mg/mLAlcaligenes faecalis 63.2 1.5 AMP-LKLK  0.5 mg/mL Pseudomonas sp. 61.03.9 AMP-6  0.5 mg/mL Alcaligenes faecalis 53.7 1.6 AMP-7 0.005 mg/mLPseudomonas oleovorans B 45.8 3.6 AMP-7 0.005 mg/mL Microbacteriumparaoxydans 32.2 1.9 AMP-6 0.005 mg/mL Pseudomonas sp. 21.2 5.4 AMP-70.005 mg/mL Alcaligenes faecalis 17.9 2.4 AMP-7  0.05 mg/mL Pseudomonasoleovorans B 68.9 1.7 AMP-7  0.05 mg/mL Pseudomonas oleovorans A 61.44.9 AMP-7  0.05 mg/mL Microbacterium paraoxydans 38.1 4.6 AMP-7  0.05mg/mL Pseudomonas alcaliphila B 35.8 0.8 AMP-7  0.05 mg/mL Alcaligenesfaecalis 20.3 5.1 AMP-6  0.05 mg/mL Pseudomonas sp. 12.9 2.5

Example 63: This Example describes identification of specific organismsthat contaminate a coating in-can and the changes in the amount of eachorganism over time.

Difference microbial organisms can contribute to community formation atdifferent times during infestation of a coating during in-can storage.It is contemplated that identification of each organism through time mayallow selection of one or more antimicrobial substance(s) for in-canpreservation, such as inhibiting the growth of one or more organismsthat are more important (e.g., early growers) in multispecies communityformation.

It is contemplated that molecular biological techniques such as reversetranscription of RNA being expressed by actively growing microorganismscan identify which organisms are growing at a particular time. Forexample, total RNA may be extracted from microorganism challenged paintsample during an ASTM D2574 protocol. Reverse transcription quantitativereal-time PCR may be used to allow synthesis of DNA from RNA templateand real-time fluorescence monitoring of DNA amplification. The primers(probes) for DNA amplification may be designed to be specific for eachstrain by targeting variable regions of the sequences. Therefore primerwill only bind and amplify an individual strain's nucleic acids. Thiswill enable rapid quantitation of levels of strain members in the sampleover time without the necessity to identify isolated strains bybiochemical or sequence methods. This procedure will allow themonitoring of growth of each individual strain over length of spoilagechallenge test.

It is contemplated that such rapid organism identification and organismgrowth analysis may be applied at any point in preparation of a materialformulation, including manufacture of the material formulation'scomponents, to select an antimicrobial substance for admixing orincorporation to achieve maximal antibiological effects throughout themanufacturing, distribution, and use of the material formulation. Forexample, during coating preparation rapid analysis of production pointcontamination may be conducted using general nucleic acid probe todetect any contamination and/or specific probes for detailedidentification of organism genus or species, or an phyla classificationlevel. Such analysis may also be done, for example, for coating rawmaterials (e.g., tints, resins, oils, solvents, etc.) during storage(e.g., tank farm storage), during mixing with other component(s) (e.g.,pigments, etc.), during storage in pre-mix tanks, during dispersionmilling, during the let-down (dilution) phase, in the filling machinesfor containers (e.g., cans, etc.), while the cans are being labeled,during packaging in cartons, during shipping, at the retail storeoutlet, in the hands of the customer during use, and so forth. Selectedantibiological substance(s) may be added upon this analysis at the pointwhere the effectiveness in reducing the growth of detectedmicroorganisms would be enhanced relative to latter or earlier points intime.

Further, by identifying colonies that remain for the ASTM tested samplesthat show greatly reduced colony counts and limited number of remainingcolony types, this will enhance the ability to select an optimumbio-based active combination. Such techniques can also be applied toevaluate select bio-based antibiological agents with each component ofthe paint to determine if a specific paint component is causing reducedin-can activity.

Example 64: This Example describes the use of biobased additives asin-can preservatives for coatings.

A metabolic assay (XTT) for screening of biobased additives, andcoatings containing them, was used to measure each additive(s)effectiveness against common spoilage and coating-associated microbes. Atetrazolium salt was reduced to a water-soluble, orange derivative bymetabolically active cells and measured spectrophotometrically in ahigh-throughput manner. Microbial spoilage agents including Pseudomonadsas well as other Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria was used forinitial screening. Over 30 enzyme and peptide-based biological moleculeswere selected for either their known antimicrobial activity or whosemechanism of action allows for synergistic effects with other biobasedadditives.

Following initial antimicrobial screening in the XTT assay, candidatebiobased additives were evaluated using ASTM D2574 for in-can coatingspoilage challenges. Impacts of biobased additive incorporation onphysical properties of latex coatings were also evaluated. Numerousbiobased additives and combinations were found to decrease cellularmetabolism of microorganisms being evaluated herein by 50% or greater inthe XTT assay. Biobased additives were identified that could selectivelyeliminate individual strain members as well as combinations thatcompletely eliminated recoverable bacterial growth. In certain cases,carry-over antimicrobial properties were observed from efficacy asin-can liquid preservatives to efficacy as in-film biocides. Thisdemonstrated the ability of using biobased additives for prevention ofcoating spoilage and their ability to decrease or eliminate traditionaltoxic and environmentally-damaging biocide levels. It is contemplatedthat bioadditive combinations that are broadly applicable across thewidest material classes and formulations can be produced.

Both liquid-phase and dry film products of waterborne coatings mayundergo microbial contamination. Different microbial groups areresponsible for negative effects on coating properties. For this reason,the biocides used routinely differ depending on liquid in-can versusdry-film products. Bacteria are of greater concern for in-canpreservation. Fungal contamination is observed less frequently insidecans, but is seen particularly where raw materials are contaminated orthe production areas prone to fungal contamination are not controlled.Fungi and algae generally are the organisms that damage dry coating, andboth microbes and macrofauna are targets for antifouling systems.

Common microorganisms isolated from wet coating include Gram-negativebacteria such as Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Escherichia, and Proteus andGram-positive endospore formers such as Bacillus. Pseudomonads are oftenthe most frequently reported contaminants of in-can waterborne coatingsowing to their high metabolic diversity and ability to form extensivebiofilms. Sources of contamination include raw materials, productionequipment, water, and recycled wash water. Wash water can be a majorsource of contamination in production facilities without adequatepreservation; in some cases, leading to levels of 1×10⁸-9 CFU/mL ofcontamination of the in-can coating product. In wet-state systems,microbial growth can impact the coating quality by hydrolysis of coatingcomponents, decrease in pH, production of gases, creation of foul odors,discoloration of the in-film product, and decreased viscosity.

Traditional biocides approved for in-can preservation fall into one ofseveral common classes. These include formaldehyde releasers,isothiazolinone derivatives, as well as brominated and other halogenatedcompounds. These can be used alone or in combination with classes suchas carbamates, quaternary amines, phenyl urea derivatives, and heavymetals for dry-film preservation and antifouling properties. Mechanismsof action vary and final cell death can often be contributed to multiplecellular impacts, several characteristic mechanisms have beendetermined. These include effects due to alkylating agents,crosslinkers, electrophilic substances, membrane disruptors, as well asreleasers of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Some of thesehave more direct impact on humans (e.g., alkylating agents andcrosslinkers). Others, such as the isothiazolinones, have been reportedto have lower direct toxicity to humans, but may cause sensitizationfollowing continued exposure. These and other health risks, as well aspotential environmental impacts, have prompted many countries torestrict the levels of use and/or require special labeling.

Natural, biologically-based molecules described herein may be less toxicand require less stringent regulations. Enzymes, peptides, and naturalproduct small molecules may also be used food and materialspreservation. Biobased antimicrobials have been used food and personalhealth industries, in some cases carrying a Generally Regarded as Safe(GRAS) designation for the intended uses. Small antimicrobial peptides(AMPs) may be used for in-can coating preservation.

Biobased molecules that target different components of the microbialcell may broadly act as biologically-based biocides to includein-process and in-can preservatives. For example, enzymes that targetthe cell wall (lysozyme), glycocalyx or biofilm (alginate lyase), orthat generate reactive oxygen (glucose oxidase) in combination withpeptides to disrupt the cell membrane (AMPs) synergistically. Thismultifaceted approach has been used in the pharmaceutical industry totreat multidrug resistant infections and decrease the likelihood ofresistance of a given strain occurring due to targeting of variousmolecular moieties within cells, and may be applied to paints, coatings,and other materials described herein.

The microbial species used for evaluating antimicrobial efficacy of suchcombinations for in-can water based coatings is preferred when they areselected to be those that are frequently isolated from coating. Themicroorganisms in the present Example belong to genera eitherrecommended in ASTM Standard D2574 “Standard Test Method for Resistanceof Emulsion Coatings in the Container to Attack by Microorganisms” oridentified from other publicly available sources as coatingcontaminants.

Prevention of spoilage using a coating challenge method is one methodused to evaluate a preservative, but is more time intensive forscreening of biobased or other agents for coating preservation and maynot be data-intensive enough to detect useful trends in biocidalaffects. The present Example used rapid screening methods for initialselection of candidate agents for analysis in the coating challengemethod. This screening method can be coupled with standard coatingmicrobiological techniques to correlate ultimate efficacy of biobasedbiocides.

It is contemplated that a “bookend” approach can then be used thatevaluates the ultimate in-film efficacy of such antimicrobialformulations, providing the formulation chemist and microbiologist withthe largest and most complete database from which to control microbesfrom raw materials introduction, through production, into the marketedcontainer, and ultimately into dry films. Assays to evaluateantimicrobial efficacy of candidate biocides should be used to quicklydown-select the most promising formulations and a quantitative metabolicassay using the XTT substrate was used. This rapid cell viability assayutilizes the ability of living cells to reduce the tetrazolium dye XTT(2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide)to a colored product that can be measured spectrophotometrically at awavelength of 492 nm. Cells are cultured in liquid media and thentransferred into 96-well (or 384-well) plates where they are exposed toXTT and treatment compounds (or controls). Following exposure, thereduction in cellular metabolism can be calculated and used as anindicator of cell viability following treatment. Small biobasedmolecules were used at high concentrations to validate that a highreduction in cellular metabolism in mixed culture XTT assays wouldtranslate to a zero score in the ASTM D2574 challenge method. Enzyme andpeptide-based biomolecules were evaluated for antibacterial activity inthe XTT (alone and in combination) and subsequently tested using ASTMD2574. Impacts on basic coating properties following formulation withbiobased additives were also evaluated.

Cinnamaldehyde, citral, glucose oxidase, alginate lyase, nisin (2.5%),α-amylase, 3-glucosidase, β-mannosidase, β-glucanase, amyloglucosidase,cellulose, trypsin, pectinase, and protease were obtained fromSigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.). Lysozyme was obtained from Bio-Cat(Troy, Va.). Peroxidase was obtained from TCI America (Portland, Oreg.).Chymotrypsin was obtained from MP Biomedicals (Santa Anna, Calif.).OPDtox™ and the peptides AMP-6, AMP-7, and AMP-LKLK were obtained fromReactive Surfaces, Ltd. (Austin, Tex.). Monolaurin was obtained bygrinding Lauricidin® pellets from Med-Chem Labs, Inc. (Goodyear, Ariz.)into a fine powder. XTT(2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide))was obtained from Biotium (Fremont, Calif.). Bacterial broth culturesused either SelenoMet™ (SM) minimal media from Molecular Dimensions(Altamonte Springs, Fla.) or Bacto Tryptic Soy Broth from Becton,Dickinson, and Co. (Sparks, Md.). All growth media used Difco TrypticSoy Agar from Becton, Dickinson, and Co. (Sparks, Md.). Pseudomonasaeruginosa (#155250A), Pseudomonas putida (#155265), Pseudomonasfluorescens (#155255), Alcaligenes faecalis (#154835A), Bacillus cereus(#154870) and Enterobacter aerogenes (#155030) cultures were obtainedfrom Carolina Biological Supply (Burlington, N.C.).

For the cell viability XTT assay, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonasputida, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus cereus,and Enterobacter aerogenes cultures were grown in 5 mL SM or TSB brothovernight at 30° C. with agitation, then diluted 1:10 in SM or TSB forassays measuring the effect of single additives of the growth ofindividual strains. In experiments looking at the effects of additiveson mixed cultures, 1 mL from each overnight culture was first combinedin a sterile tube, and the microbial mixture was diluted 1:10 with SMmedia. A stock of menadione was prepared at a concentration of 1.7 mg/mLin acetone, and was diluted 1:120 into a solution of 1 mg/mL XTT in PBS(filter-sterilized with 0.45 μm nylon filter (Fisher Scientific))immediately before setting up the assay. Stock solutions were preparedin DMSO for monolaurin, cinnamaldehyde, and citral, or sterile water forall other additives so that the stock concentration was 20× the finaltest concentration. Each well in a 96-well microplate received, intriplicate, 10 μL of the additive to be tested, 20 μL of theXTT/menadione solution, and 100 μL of diluted cells, with the remainderconsisting of growth media so that the final volume for each well was200 μL. Wells containing diluted cells without additives (or with 10 μLDMSO for additives requiring DMSO for solubility) were included asnegative controls. The absorbance at 492 nm was measured before andafter incubation at 30° C. for 20 hours. The percent increase inabsorbance and percent reduction in metabolism was calculated for eachtreatment as described. Testing was performed in triplicate using threedifferent concentrations of the biobased additives.

Coating challenges were conducted as described in the ASTM InternationalStandard procedure D2574-16. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida,Pseudomonas fluorescens, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus cereus andEnterobacter aerogenes cultures were grown in 5 mL TSB broth for 24hours at 30° C. with agitation. Sterile inoculation loops were used topass a loop-full of each culture into new 5 mL TSB broths, which wereincubated for 24 hours at 30° C. with agitation. The cultures werepassed and incubated again for 24 hours. Coating samples were preparedby hand mixing additives into 25 mL of acrylic latex coating usingsterile glass rods. Sterile swabs were used to sample each coating andstreak TSA plates to ensure that the coatings were sterile prior toinoculation. One mL from each broth culture was combined into a steriletube and mixed well immediately prior to inoculation of the coating. Thecoating samples were inoculated with either 25 μL or 250 μL of themicrobial mixture, and the coatings were incubated at 30° C. for theduration of the test. Sterile swabs were used to sample each coating andstreak duplicate TSA plates on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 followinginoculation. The TSA plates were incubated at 30° C. for one week, afterwhich the amount of bacterial recovery from the coating was scored asdescribed in the ASTM standard procedure: 0—no bacterial recovery;1—trace contamination (1 to 9 colonies); 2—light contamination (10 to 99colonies); 3—moderate contamination (>100 distinct colonies); 4—heavycontamination (continuous smear of growth, colonies have grown togetherand are indistinguishable).

Biocide-free acrylic latex was formulated with biobased additives in 10mL coating by adding desired amounts of additives and hand mixing with aclean glass rod. Drawdowns were done at 6 mils wet film thickness on0.6×76×152 mm Q-panels (3003 H14 aluminum, mill finish and aluminumchromate pretreated) and 10 mils wet film thickness on 194×289 mmopacity charts (BYK byko-charts #2811). Final dry film thickness rangedfrom 25-33 μm on the Q-panels and 48-54 μm on the opacity charts. ICIviscosity was determined at 900 rpm using spindle 1, which equates to11,997 sec⁻¹ (or 13.33*N, N in rpm). Pencil hardness, crosshatchadhesion, and color were tested after curing the panels for seven daysat ambient temperature in a dust-free environment. The color change wasreported as a deltaE comparison to the control (Equation 1)

$\begin{matrix}{{\Delta\; E_{ab}^{*}} = \sqrt{\left( {L_{2}^{*} - L_{1}^{*}} \right)^{2} + \left( {a_{2}^{*} - a_{1}^{*}} \right)^{2} + \left( {b_{2}^{*} - b_{1}^{*}} \right)^{2}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1}\end{matrix}$

where L*, a*, and b* represent values along the lightness, red-green,and blue-yellow axes of the color sphere, respectively.

From an original panel of over 30 enzymes, peptides, and small moleculenatural products, the 23 biobased additives listed in Table 105 wereselected for evaluation here. These were screened against individualmembers of microbial contamination listed in Table 106 using the XTTassay (see Table 107 below). Nine of the 23 biobased additives werefound to reduce cellular metabolism in the XTT assay by ≥50% (bold inTable 105).

TABLE 105 Biobased Additives Tested in the XTT Assay Small MoleculeEnzymes Enzymes Peptides Natural Products Lysozyme Lipase AMP-7Cinnamaldehyde β-Glucosidase β-Gluconase AMP-6 Citral PectinaseAmyloglucosidase AMP-LKLK Monolaurin β-Mannosidase Trypsin Nisin Endoglucanase Cellulase Chymotrypsin Glucose oxidase Amylase ProteasePeroxidase Alginate lyase Organophosphate hydrolase (OPDtox ™'s active)*Bold indicates additives that had ≥ 50% reduction in metabolism againstat least one strain at the concentrations evaluated.

TABLE 106 Bacteria used for XTT and In-can Coating Challenges BacterialGenus/Species Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram-negativebacillus Bacillus cereus Gram-positive bacillus, spore formerEnterobacter aerogenes Gram-negative enteric Pseudomonas aeruginosaGram-negative pseudomonad, biofilm former Pseudomonas fluorescensGram-negative pseudomonad, biofilm former Pseudomonas putidaGram-negative pseudomonad, biofilm former

TABLE 107 XTT Assay Results of Biobased Additives Average % StandardAdditive Concentration Reduction Deviation Organism Lysozyme 0.5 mg/mL−4.82 2.03 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lysozyme 0.05 mg/mL −3.60 3.07Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lysozyme 0.005 mg/mL −3.18 1.24 Pseudomonasaeruginosa Glucose oxidase 0.5 mg/mL 11.62 2.22 Pseudomonas aeruginosaGlucose oxidase 0.05 mg/mL 7.35 0.72 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Glucoseoxidase 0.005 mg/mL 14.51 3.18 Pseudomonas aeruginosa AMP-6 0.5 mg/mL28.30 4.51 Pseudomonas aeruginosa AMP-6 0.05 mg/mL −6.10 5.10Pseudomonas aeruginosa AMP-6 0.005 mg/mL −3.46 4.06 Pseudomonasaeruginosa AMP-7 0.5 mg/mL 61.19 2.46 Pseudomonas aeruginosa AMP-7 0.05mg/mL −0.83 4.49 Pseudomonas aeruginosa AMP-7 0.005 mg/mL 2.29 5.69Pseudomonas aeruginosa Nisin 0.5 mg/mL −7.68 4.18 Pseudomonas aeruginosaNisin 0.05 mg/mL −1.22 3.11 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Nisin 0.005 mg/mL10.45 4.16 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Peroxidase 0.5 mg/mL 19.65 0.51Pseudomonas aeruginosa Peroxidase 0.05 mg/mL −0.05 3.18 Pseudomonasaeruginosa Peroxidase 0.005 mg/mL −0.43 2.96 Pseudomonas aeruginosaAlginate lyase 0.5 mg/mL −12.52 4.15 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Alginatelyase 0.05 mg/mL −10.68 2.70 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Alginate lyase 0.005mg/mL −5.01 2.15 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cinnamaldehyde   1% 95.28 1.09Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cinnamaldehyde 0.10% 77.20 9.82 Pseudomonasaeruginosa Cinnamaldehyde 0.01% −3.09 0.67 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Citral  1% 25.46 2.19 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Citral 0.10% 33.70 5.59Pseudomonas aeruginosa Citral 0.01% −1.03 8.29 Pseudomonas aeruginosaMonolaurin 0.5 mg/mL 56.55 5.22 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Monolaurin 0.05mg/mL −3.09 3.13 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Monolaurin 0.005 mg/mL −8.590.87 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lysozyme 0.5 mg/mL 17.44 6.79 Pseudomonasputida Lysozyme 0.05 mg/mL −21.00 5.31 Pseudomonas putida Lysozyme 0.005mg/mL 34.51 22.75 Pseudomonas putida Glucose oxidase 0.5 mg/mL 59.681.42 Pseudomonas putida Glucose oxidase 0.05 mg/mL 74.16 0.07Pseudomonas putida Glucose oxidase 0.005 mg/mL 76.30 3.41 Pseudomonasputida AMP-6 0.5 mg/mL 63.66 2.42 Pseudomonas putida AMP-6 0.05 mg/mL14.46 3.21 Pseudomonas putida AMP-6 0.005 mg/mL 21.89 19.64 Pseudomonasputida AMP-7 0.5 mg/mL 89.91 1.00 Pseudomonas putida AMP-7 0.05 mg/mL51.99 5.14 Pseudomonas putida AMP-7 0.005 mg/mL 2.87 20.84 Pseudomonasputida Nisin 0.5 mg/mL 12.70 4.46 Pseudomonas putida Nisin 0.05 mg/mL11.73 3.11 Pseudomonas putida Nisin 0.005 mg/mL 4.55 7.35 Pseudomonasputida Peroxidase 0.5 mg/mL 33.79 2.40 Pseudomonas putida Peroxidase0.05 mg/mL 2.85 4.53 Pseudomonas putida Peroxidase 0.005 mg/mL −5.690.61 Pseudomonas putida Alginate lyase 0.5 mg/mL 45.94 3.93 Pseudomonasputida Alginate lyase 0.05 mg/mL 4.63 8.04 Pseudomonas putida Alginatelyase 0.005 mg/mL −3.84 5.63 Pseudomonas putida Cinnamaldehyde   1%92.50 2.90 Pseudomonas putida Cinnamaldehyde 0.10% 86.04 0.55Pseudomonas putida Cinnamaldehyde 0.01% 68.15 1.31 Pseudomonas putidaCitral   1% 84.60 0.80 Pseudomonas putida Citral 0.10% 92.50 1.17Pseudomonas putida Citral 0.01% 84.14 2.50 Pseudomonas putida Monolaurin0.5 mg/mL 92.56 4.06 Pseudomonas putida Monolaurin 0.05 mg/mL 89.48 1.26Pseudomonas putida Monolaurin 0.005 mg/mL 20.37 13.39 Pseudomonas putidaLysozyme 0.5 mg/mL 13.86 4.35 Pseudomonas fluorescens Lysozyme 0.05mg/mL 1.33 0.57 Pseudomonas fluorescens Lysozyme 0.005 mg/mL 8.75 7.18Pseudomonas fluorescens Glucose oxidase 0.5 mg/mL 45.86 12.28Pseudomonas fluorescens Glucose oxidase 0.05 mg/mL 28.49 1.31Pseudomonas fluorescens Glucose oxidase 0.005 mg/mL 34.28 2.72Pseudomonas fluorescens AMP-6 0.5 mg/mL 62.80 2.85 Pseudomonasfluorescens AMP-6 0.05 mg/mL 16.05 4.98 Pseudomonas fluorescens AMP-60.005 mg/mL 20.30 1.63 Pseudomonas fluorescens AMP-7 0.5 mg/mL 72.730.33 Pseudomonas fluorescens AMP-7 0.05 mg/mL 26.04 2.09 Pseudomonasfluorescens AMP-7 0.005 mg/mL 21.59 6.29 Pseudomonas fluorescens Nisin0.5 mg/mL 28.78 4.89 Pseudomonas fluorescens Nisin 0.05 mg/mL 17.62 2.83Pseudomonas fluorescens Nisin 0.005 mg/mL 13.98 8.92 Pseudomonasfluorescens Peroxidase 0.5 mg/mL 32.36 2.76 Pseudomonas fluorescensPeroxidase 0.05 mg/mL 2.54 5.58 Pseudomonas fluorescens Peroxidase 0.005mg/mL −0.43 4.88 Pseudomonas fluorescens Alginate lyase 0.5 mg/mL 34.792.00 Pseudomonas fluorescens Alginate lyase 0.05 mg/mL 22.00 3.11Pseudomonas fluorescens Alginate lyase 0.005 mg/mL 11.64 4.40Pseudomonas fluorescens Cinnamaldehyde   1% 82.40 1.45 Pseudomonasfluorescens Cinnamaldehyde 0.10% 72.16 2.08 Pseudomonas fluorescensCinnamaldehyde 0.01% 27.17 11.67 Pseudomonas fluorescens Citral   1%79.16 1.11 Pseudomonas fluorescens Citral 0.10% 86.56 2.66 Pseudomonasfluorescens Citral 0.01% 2.16 3.31 Pseudomonas fluorescens Monolaurin0.5 mg/mL 61.87 2.92 Pseudomonas fluorescens Monolaurin 0.05 mg/mL −5.931.81 Pseudomonas fluorescens Monolaurin 0.005 mg/mL −4.19 2.18Pseudomonas fluorescens Lysozyme 0.5 mg/mL −9.07 2.72 Bacillus cereusLysozyme 0.05 mg/mL 1.39 4.64 Bacillus cereus Lysozyme 0.005 mg/mL 17.978.70 Bacillus cereus Glucose oxidase 0.5 mg/mL 12.68 1.72 Bacilluscereus Glucose oxidase 0.05 mg/mL 19.27 1.26 Bacillus cereus Glucoseoxidase 0.005 mg/mL 16.79 7.88 Bacillus cereus AMP-6 0.5 mg/mL 17.483.43 Bacillus cereus AMP-6 0.05 mg/mL 13.07 1.44 Bacillus cereus AMP-60.005 mg/mL 28.80 5.23 Bacillus cereus AMP-7 0.5 mg/mL 29.93 1.63Bacillus cereus AMP-7 0.05 mg/mL 9.75 2.80 Bacillus cereus AMP-7 0.005mg/mL 17.04 5.25 Bacillus cereus Nisin 0.5 mg/mL 39.63 3.99 Bacilluscereus Nisin 0.05 mg/mL 7.41 1.17 Bacillus cereus Nisin 0.005 mg/mL13.86 2.66 Bacillus cereus Peroxidase 0.5 mg/mL 15.91 0.30 Bacilluscereus Peroxidase 0.05 mg/mL 22.34 1.65 Bacillus cereus Peroxidase 0.005mg/mL 14.97 3.74 Bacillus cereus Alginate lyase 0.5 mg/mL 7.03 3.86Bacillus cereus Alginate lyase 0.05 mg/mL −2.37 4.53 Bacillus cereusAlginate lyase 0.005 mg/mL −0.51 4.75 Bacillus cereus Cinnamaldehyde  1% 83.02 3.80 Bacillus cereus Cinnamaldehyde 0.10% 43.03 4.84 Bacilluscereus Cinnamaldehyde 0.01% 3.28 5.35 Bacillus cereus Citral   1% 38.623.30 Bacillus cereus Citral 0.10% 48.69 1.46 Bacillus cereus Citral0.01% 21.31 4.54 Bacillus cereus Monolaurin 0.5 mg/mL 73.86 4.06Bacillus cereus Monolaurin 0.05 mg/mL 55.39 3.84 Bacillus cereusMonolaurin 0.005 mg/mL 12.15 4.07 Bacillus cereus Lysozyme 0.5 mg/mL32.58 0.85 Alcaligenes faecalis Lysozyme 0.05 mg/mL −35.02 8.73Alcaligenes faecalis Lysozyme 0.005 mg/mL 1.48 16.51 Alcaligenesfaecalis Glucose oxidase 0.5 mg/mL 64.05 0.74 Alcaligenes faecalisGlucose oxidase 0.05 mg/mL 76.69 0.18 Alcaligenes faecalis Glucoseoxidase 0.005 mg/mL 79.88 1.62 Alcaligenes faecalis AMP-6 0.5 mg/mL66.88 4.11 Alcaligenes faecalis AMP-6 0.05 mg/mL 5.50 9.22 Alcaligenesfaecalis AMP-6 0.005 mg/mL −10.55 10.66 Alcaligenes faecalis AMP-7 0.5mg/mL 68.38 0.55 Alcaligenes faecalis AMP-7 0.05 mg/mL 2.36 2.82Alcaligenes faecalis AMP-7 0.005 mg/mL −10.23 5.93 Alcaligenes faecalisNisin 0.5 mg/mL −21.14 11.67 Alcaligenes faecalis Nisin 0.05 mg/mL−13.24 4.81 Alcaligenes faecalis Nisin 0.005 mg/mL 0.44 2.08 Alcaligenesfaecalis Peroxidase 0.5 mg/mL 66.65 3.65 Alcaligenes faecalis Peroxidase0.05 mg/mL 11.49 5.43 Alcaligenes faecalis Peroxidase 0.005 mg/mL 5.366.03 Alcaligenes faecalis Alginate lyase 0.5 mg/mL 74.74 6.60Alcaligenes faecalis Alginate lyase 0.05 mg/mL 31.57 2.83 Alcaligenesfaecalis Alginate lyase 0.005 mg/mL 18.08 17.48 Alcaligenes faecalisCinnamaldehyde   1% 86.77 0.35 Alcaligenes faecalis Cinnamaldehyde 0.10%67.90 0.63 Alcaligenes faecalis Cinnamaldehyde 0.01% 57.22 2.83Alcaligenes faecalis Citral   1% 74.93 1.68 Alcaligenes faecalis Citral0.10% 79.50 2.69 Alcaligenes faecalis Citral 0.01% 52.54 5.64Alcaligenes faecalis Monolaurin 0.5 mg/mL 66.71 4.09 Alcaligenesfaecalis Monolaurin 0.05 mg/mL 14.96 4.88 Alcaligenes faecalisMonolaurin 0.005 mg/mL 0.29 8.44 Alcaligenes faecalis Lysozyme 0.5 mg/mL26.02 5.08 Enterobacter aerogenes Lysozyme 0.05 mg/mL 6.45 3.86Enterobacter aerogenes Lysozyme 0.005 mg/mL 14.59 10.51 Enterobacteraerogenes Glucose oxidase 0.5 mg/mL 24.76 1.93 Enterobacter aerogenesGlucose oxidase 0.05 mg/mL 21.47 3.80 Enterobacter aerogenes Glucoseoxidase 0.005 mg/mL 51.89 3.27 Enterobacter aerogenes AMP-6 0.5 mg/mL54.24 4.41 Enterobacter aerogenes AMP-6 0.05 mg/mL 39.24 0.97Enterobacter aerogenes AMP-6 0.005 mg/mL 25.34 5.76 Enterobacteraerogenes AMP-7 0.5 mg/mL 61.52 12.70 Enterobacter aerogenes AMP-7 0.05mg/mL 43.83 1.51 Enterobacter aerogenes AMP-7 0.005 mg/mL 28.70 5.85Enterobacter aerogenes Nisin 0.5 mg/mL 14.79 1.80 Enterobacter aerogenesNisin 0.05 mg/mL 6.44 3.16 Enterobacter aerogenes Nisin 0.005 mg/mL16.95 4.11 Enterobacter aerogenes Peroxidase 0.5 mg/mL 21.12 2.05Enterobacter aerogenes Peroxidase 0.05 mg/mL 1.88 2.06 Enterobacteraerogenes Peroxidase 0.005 mg/mL 9.93 3.64 Enterobacter aerogenesAlginate lyase 0.5 mg/mL 9.42 5.25 Enterobacter aerogenes Alginate lyase0.05 mg/mL 3.48 0.49 Enterobacter aerogenes Alginate lyase 0.005 mg/mL10.19 5.33 Enterobacter aerogenes Cinnamaldehyde   1% 95.20 1.39Enterobacter aerogenes Cinnamaldehyde 0.10% 46.62 2.09 Enterobacteraerogenes Cinnamaldehyde 0.01% −13.98 3.32 Enterobacter aerogenes Citral  1% 78.36 3.06 Enterobacter aerogenes Citral 0.10% 46.50 3.92Enterobacter aerogenes Citral 0.01% 14.80 10.29 Enterobacter aerogenesMonolaurin 0.5 mg/mL 46.04 4.23 Enterobacter aerogenes Monolaurin 0.05mg/mL 0.86 9.73 Enterobacter aerogenes Monolaurin 0.005 mg/mL 0.20 1.56Enterobacter aerogenes Endoglucanase — −25.54 4.86 Pseudomonasaeruginosa Endoglucanase 1:10 mg/mL −7.62 2.35 Pseudomonas aeruginosaEndoglucanase 1:100 mg/mL 2.09 4.97 Pseudomonas aeruginosa β-Mannosidase0.75 U/mL −22.79 3.68 Pseudomonas aeruginosa β-Mannosidase 0.075 U/mL−0.41 2.19 Pseudomonas aeruginosa β-Mannosidase 0.0075 U/mL 2.50 3.92Pseudomonas aeruginosa Protease 0.5 mg/mL 4.50 4.52 Pseudomonasaeruginosa Protease 0.05 mg/mL −1.87 1.59 Pseudomonas aeruginosaProtease 0.005 mg/mL 5.86 0.89 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Chymotrypsin 0.5mg/mL 3.65 2.93 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Chymotrypsin 0.05 mg/mL 3.52 1.05Pseudomonas aeruginosa Chymotrypsin 0.005 mg/mL 10.28 1.51 Pseudomonasaeruginosa Amylase 0.5 mg/mL 1.02 1.98 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Amylase0.05 mg/mL −4.03 3.66 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Amylase 0.005 mg/mL 9.403.98 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pectinase 0.5 mg/mL 7.35 3.90 Pseudomonasaeruginosa Pectinase 0.05 mg/mL −6.13 2.08 Pseudomonas aeruginosaPectinase 0.005 mg/mL 0.56 1.66 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Endoglucanase —27.35 2.04 Pseudomonas putida Endoglucanase 1:10 mg/mL 32.00 0.14Pseudomonas putida Endoglucanase 1:100 mg/mL 27.09 5.40 Pseudomonasputida β-Mannosidase 0.75 U/mL 16.62 8.00 Pseudomonas putidaβ-Mannosidase 0.075 U/mL 33.68 3.44 Pseudomonas putida β-Mannosidase0.0075 U/mL 14.91 5.77 Pseudomonas putida Protease 0.5 mg/mL 32.52 7.18Pseudomonas putida Protease 0.05 mg/mL 20.80 4.76 Pseudomonas putidaProtease 0.005 mg/mL 7.18 8.85 Pseudomonas putida Chymotrypsin 0.5 mg/mL35.06 7.81 Pseudomonas putida Chymotrypsin 0.05 mg/mL 32.35 0.76Pseudomonas putida Chymotrypsin 0.005 mg/mL 24.50 8.16 Pseudomonasputida Amylase 0.5 mg/mL 34.26 9.02 Pseudomonas putida Amylase 0.05mg/mL 11.57 4.73 Pseudomonas putida Amylase 0.005 mg/mL 8.97 9.24Pseudomonas putida Pectinase 0.5 mg/mL 36.42 1.04 Pseudomonas putidaPectinase 0.05 mg/mL 18.10 2.14 Pseudomonas putida Pectinase 0.005 mg/mL1.15 6.71 Pseudomonas putida Endoglucanase — 15.02 2.27 Pseudomonasfluorescens Endoglucanase 1:10 mg/mL −14.31 8.45 Pseudomonas fluorescensEndoglucanase 1:100 mg/mL −14.49 4.56 Pseudomonas fluorescensβ-Mannosidase 0.75 U/mL 17.59 8.49 Pseudomonas fluorescens β-Mannosidase0.075 U/mL −12.21 9.54 Pseudomonas fluorescens β-Mannosidase 0.0075 U/mL−17.15 11.79 Pseudomonas fluorescens Protease 0.5 mg/mL 0.98 2.46Pseudomonas fluorescens Protease 0.05 mg/mL 4.60 1.91 Pseudomonasfluorescens Protease 0.005 mg/mL 3.03 10.88 Pseudomonas fluorescensChymotrypsin 0.5 mg/mL 13.32 2.34 Pseudomonas fluorescens Chymotrypsin0.05 mg/mL 11.62 3.11 Pseudomonas fluorescens Chymotrypsin 0.005 mg/mL13.48 2.87 Pseudomonas fluorescens Amylase 0.5 mg/mL −20.87 2.42Pseudomonas fluorescens Amylase 0.05 mg/mL −12.06 4.45 Pseudomonasfluorescens Amylase 0.005 mg/mL −0.85 2.06 Pseudomonas fluorescensPectinase 0.5 mg/mL −18.06 1.82 Pseudomonas fluorescens Pectinase 0.05mg/mL −16.50 3.64 Pseudomonas fluorescens Pectinase 0.005 mg/mL −15.797.88 Pseudomonas fluorescens Endoglucanase — 33.81 3.82 Bacillus cereusEndoglucanase 1:10 mg/mL 44.98 2.02 Bacillus cereus Endoglucanase 1:100mg/mL 37.28 7.16 Bacillus cereus β-Mannosidase 0.075 U/mL 34.35 2.91Bacillus cereus β-Mannosidase 0.0075 U/mL 34.46 6.02 Bacillus cereusProtease 0.5 mg/mL 39.58 1.22 Bacillus cereus Protease 0.05 mg/mL 38.001.80 Bacillus cereus Protease 0.005 mg/mL 34.86 1.20 Bacillus cereusChymotrypsin 0.5 mg/mL 15.91 0.79 Bacillus cereus Chymotrypsin 0.05mg/mL 25.24 10.61 Bacillus cereus Chymotrypsin 0.005 mg/mL 33.02 4.76Bacillus cereus Amylase 0.5 mg/mL 29.77 4.85 Bacillus cereus Amylase0.05 mg/mL 34.33 3.49 Bacillus cereus Amylase 0.005 mg/mL 35.97 3.08Bacillus cereus Pectinase 0.5 mg/mL 24.78 3.25 Bacillus cereus Pectinase0.05 mg/mL 21.50 6.58 Bacillus cereus Pectinase 0.005 mg/mL 16.15 4.09Bacillus cereus Endoglucanase — 8.58 5.22 Enterobacter aerogenesEndoglucanase 1:10  13.32 0.18 Enterobacter aerogenes Endoglucanase1:100 9.08 4.50 Enterobacter aerogenes β-Mannosidase 0.75 U/mL 10.084.22 Enterobacter aerogenes β-Mannosidase 0.075 U/mL 18.35 2.05Enterobacter aerogenes β-Mannosidase 0.0075 U/mL 14.31 6.43 Enterobacteraerogenes Protease 0.5 mg/mL 12.37 2.69 Enterobacter aerogenes Protease0.05 mg/mL 12.15 0.23 Enterobacter aerogenes Protease 0.005 mg/mL 9.984.22 Enterobacter aerogenes Chymotrypsin 0.5 mg/mL 15.67 2.02Enterobacter aerogenes Chymotrypsin 0.05 mg/mL 14.40 1.76 Enterobacteraerogenes Chymotrypsin 0.005 mg/mL 14.27 4.53 Enterobacter aerogenesAmylase 0.5 mg/mL 9.52 1.67 Enterobacter aerogenes Amylase 0.05 mg/mL9.49 0.69 Enterobacter aerogenes Amylase 0.005 mg/mL 10.52 3.76Enterobacter aerogenes Pectinase 0.5 mg/mL 1.73 1.35 Enterobacteraerogenes Pectinase 0.05 mg/mL 4.60 2.10 Enterobacter aerogenesPectinase 0.005 mg/mL 5.95 5.42 Enterobacter aerogenes Endoglucanase —−0.65 2.61 Alcaligenes faecalis Endoglucanase 1:10  3.93 3.06Alcaligenes faecalis Endoglucanase 1:100 5.32 1.43 Alcaligenes faecalisβ-Mannosidase 0.075 U/mL 3.41 1.42 Alcaligenes faecalis β-Mannosidase0.0075 U/mL 3.21 6.86 Alcaligenes faecalis Protease 0.5 mg/mL 16.53 2.56Alcaligenes faecalis Protease 0.05 mg/mL 8.42 2.91 Alcaligenes faecalisProtease 0.005 mg/mL 8.72 5.60 Alcaligenes faecalis Chymotrypsin 0.5mg/mL 10.89 3.06 Alcaligenes faecalis Chymotrypsin 0.05 mg/mL 13.52 2.90Alcaligenes faecalis Chymotrypsin 0.005 mg/mL 16.15 4.47 Alcaligenesfaecalis Amylase 0.5 mg/mL 9.58 2.45 Alcaligenes faecalis Amylase 0.05mg/mL 9.83 2.02 Alcaligenes faecalis Amylase 0.005 mg/mL 11.03 1.31Alcaligenes faecalis Pectinase 0.5 mg/mL 7.33 1.82 Alcaligenes faecalisPectinase 0.05 mg/mL 5.39 3.62 Alcaligenes faecalis Pectinase 0.005mg/mL 0.60 2.13 Alcaligenes faecalis Lipase 0.5 mg/mL 5.71 4.16Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipase 0.05 mg/mL −3.39 4.21 Pseudomonasaeruginosa Lipase 0.005 mg/mL −4.75 2.73 Pseudomonas aeruginosa OPDtox ™0.5 mg/mL 6.60 1.30 Pseudomonas aeruginosa OPDtox ™ 0.05 mg/mL 4.34 1.67Pseudomonas aeruginosa OPDtox ™ 0.005 mg/mL 5.77 4.75 Pseudomonasaeruginosa Cellulase 0.5 mg/mL 8.76 2.78 Pseudomonas aeruginosaCellulase 0.05 mg/mL 0.00 3.29 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cellulase 0.005mg/mL −2.15 2.54 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Trypsin 0.5 mg/mL 10.69 4.04Pseudomonas aeruginosa Trypsin 0.05 mg/mL 3.77 1.99 Pseudomonasaeruginosa Trypsin 0.005 mg/mL 4.59 1.75 Pseudomonas aeruginosaβ-Glucosidase 0.5 mg/mL 8.34 1.38 Pseudomonas aeruginosa β-Glucosidase0.05 mg/mL 2.91 3.82 Pseudomonas aeruginosa β-Glucosidase 0.005 mg/mL7.09 3.20 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Amyloglucosidase 0.5 mg/mL 8.46 1.55Pseudomonas aeruginosa Amyloglucosidase 0.05 mg/mL 6.43 0.72 Pseudomonasaeruginosa Amyloglucosidase 0.005 mg/mL 4.56 4.19 Pseudomonas aeruginosaβ-Gluconase 0.5 mg/mL 3.64 2.85 Pseudomonas aeruginosa β-Gluconase 0.05mg/mL 0.87 0.38 Pseudomonas aeruginosa β-Gluconase 0.005 mg/mL 3.89 2.33Pseudomonas aeruginosa AMP-LKLK 0.5 mg/mL 14.12 4.78 Pseudomonasaeruginosa AMP-LKLK 0.05 mg/mL −11.65 1.43 Pseudomonas aeruginosaAMP-LKLK 0.005 mg/mL −2.77 1.56 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipase 0.5 mg/mL1.27 5.49 Pseudomonas fluorescens Lipase 0.05 mg/mL −5.28 4.48Pseudomonas fluorescens Lipase 0.005 mg/mL 5.43 20.90 Pseudomonasfluorescens OPDtox ™ 0.5 mg/mL 1.51 2.95 Pseudomonas fluorescensOPDtox ™ 0.05 mg/mL 1.38 6.18 Pseudomonas fluorescens OPDtox ™ 0.005mg/mL 8.51 1.02 Pseudomonas fluorescens Cellulase 0.5 mg/mL −0.71 8.23Pseudomonas fluorescens Cellulase 0.05 mg/mL −5.94 3.48 Pseudomonasfluorescens Cellulase 0.005 mg/mL −4.65 8.19 Pseudomonas fluorescensTrypsin 0.5 mg/mL 3.68 5.61 Pseudomonas fluorescens Trypsin 0.05 mg/mL2.09 2.91 Pseudomonas fluorescens Trypsin 0.005 mg/mL 6.83 6.48Pseudomonas fluorescens β-Glucosidase 0.5 mg/mL −3.70 6.60 Pseudomonasfluorescens β-Glucosidase 0.05 mg/mL −6.42 1.73 Pseudomonas fluorescensβ-Glucosidase 0.005 mg/mL 1.87 3.22 Pseudomonas fluorescensAmyloglucosidase 0.5 mg/mL −5.40 0.61 Pseudomonas fluorescensAmyloglucosidase 0.05 mg/mL −1.34 0.65 Pseudomonas fluorescensAmyloglucosidase 0.005 mg/mL −8.80 5.75 Pseudomonas fluorescensβ-Gluconase 0.5 mg/mL −1.24 3.89 Pseudomonas fluorescens β-Gluconase0.05 mg/mL −7.69 2.44 Pseudomonas fluorescens β-Gluconase 0.005 mg/mL−0.08 4.24 Pseudomonas fluorescens AMP-LKLK 0.5 mg/mL 41.24 1.57Pseudomonas fluorescens AMP-LKLK 0.05 mg/mL 15.20 2.99 Pseudomonasfluorescens AMP-LKLK 0.005 mg/mL 22.15 1.38 Pseudomonas fluorescensLipase 0.5 mg/mL 5.46 1.49 Pseudomonas putida Lipase 0.05 mg/mL 4.375.56 Pseudomonas putida Lipase 0.005 mg/mL 16.69 2.47 Pseudomonas putidaOPDtox ™ 0.5 mg/mL −5.47 2.03 Pseudomonas putida OPDtox ™ 0.05 mg/mL3.86 6.97 Pseudomonas putida OPDtox ™ 0.005 mg/mL 15.85 1.15 Pseudomonasputida Cellulase 0.5 mg/mL 19.74 4.93 Pseudomonas putida Cellulase 0.05mg/mL 21.68 3.98 Pseudomonas putida Cellulase 0.005 mg/mL 21.83 1.16Pseudomonas putida Trypsin 0.5 mg/mL 15.02 5.74 Pseudomonas putidaTrypsin 0.05 mg/mL 10.20 4.22 Pseudomonas putida Trypsin 0.005 mg/mL17.47 7.25 Pseudomonas putida β-Glucosidase 0.5 mg/mL 10.90 7.50Pseudomonas putida β-Glucosidase 0.05 mg/mL 17.63 1.13 Pseudomonasputida β-Glucosidase 0.005 mg/mL 19.43 2.13 Pseudomonas putidaAmyloglucosidase 0.5 mg/mL 8.56 3.55 Pseudomonas putida Amyloglucosidase0.05 mg/mL 7.66 9.04 Pseudomonas putida Amyloglucosidase 0.005 mg/mL14.02 5.07 Pseudomonas putida β-Gluconase 0.5 mg/mL 14.48 8.11Pseudomonas putida β-Gluconase 0.05 mg/mL 22.68 2.18 Pseudomonas putidaβ-Gluconase 0.005 mg/mL 24.02 3.78 Pseudomonas putida AMP-LKLK 0.5 mg/mL49.50 1.52 Pseudomonas putida AMP-LKLK 0.05 mg/mL −6.87 6.19 Pseudomonasputida AMP-LKLK 0.005 mg/mL 5.05 9.20 Pseudomonas putida Lipase 0.5mg/mL 2.63 3.76 Alcaligenes faecalis Lipase 0.05 mg/mL −4.75 3.50Alcaligenes faecalis Lipase 0.005 mg/mL −1.01 2.83 Alcaligenes faecalisOPDtox ™ 0.5 mg/mL −8.89 3.84 Alcaligenes faecalis OPDtox ™ 0.05 mg/mL−11.66 5.03 Alcaligenes faecalis OPDtox ™ 0.005 mg/mL −3.99 5.39Alcaligenes faecalis Cellulase 0.5 mg/mL 1.32 7.18 Alcaligenes faecalisCellulase 0.05 mg/mL −11.61 5.41 Alcaligenes faecalis Cellulase 0.005mg/mL 2.47 2.85 Alcaligenes faecalis Trypsin 0.5 mg/mL 7.23 4.20Alcaligenes faecalis Trypsin 0.05 mg/mL −1.40 5.21 Alcaligenes faecalisTrypsin 0.005 mg/mL 4.09 2.75 Alcaligenes faecalis β-Glucosidase 0.5mg/mL 3.20 4.80 Alcaligenes faecalis β-Glucosidase 0.05 mg/mL −0.23 9.47Alcaligenes faecalis β-Glucosidase 0.005 mg/mL 4.98 2.90 Alcaligenesfaecalis Amyloglucosidase 0.5 mg/mL −1.49 2.01 Alcaligenes faecalisAmyloglucosidase 0.05 mg/mL 1.36 1.26 Alcaligenes faecalisAmyloglucosidase 0.005 mg/mL 9.06 3.07 Alcaligenes faecalis β-Gluconase0.5 mg/mL 0.95 3.44 Alcaligenes faecalis β-Gluconase 0.05 mg/mL −0.877.36 Alcaligenes faecalis β-Gluconase 0.005 mg/mL 8.15 4.61 Alcaligenesfaecalis AMP-LKLK 0.5 mg/mL 3.66 3.74 Alcaligenes faecalis AMP-LKLK 0.05mg/mL −15.18 4.54 Alcaligenes faecalis AMP-LKLK 0.005 mg/mL 5.90 3.52Alcaligenes faecalis Lipase 0.5 mg/mL 9.26 3.16 Bacillus cereus Lipase0.05 mg/mL 7.33 1.51 Bacillus cereus Lipase 0.005 mg/mL 11.03 0.52Bacillus cereus OPDtox ™ 0.5 mg/mL 4.31 1.21 Bacillus cereus OPDtox ™0.05 mg/mL 9.35 1.45 Bacillus cereus OPDtox ™ 0.005 mg/mL 16.85 3.42Bacillus cereus Cellulase 0.5 mg/mL 0.30 2.66 Bacillus cereus Cellulase0.05 mg/mL 11.12 0.66 Bacillus cereus Cellulase 0.005 mg/mL 14.21 2.28Bacillus cereus Trypsin 0.5 mg/mL −0.41 1.41 Bacillus cereus Trypsin0.05 mg/mL 10.77 1.52 Bacillus cereus Trypsin 0.005 mg/mL 12.59 2.31Bacillus cereus β-Glucosidase 0.5 mg/mL 1.13 2.87 Bacillus cereusβ-Glucosidase 0.05 mg/mL 10.72 2.54 Bacillus cereus β-Glucosidase 0.005mg/mL 17.35 6.15 Bacillus cereus Amyloglucosidase 0.5 mg/mL −9.50 4.38Bacillus cereus Amyloglucosidase 0.05 mg/mL 4.93 0.90 Bacillus cereusAmyloglucosidase 0.005 mg/mL 10.40 1.79 Bacillus cereus β-Gluconase 0.5mg/mL −7.01 3.62 Bacillus cereus β-Gluconase 0.05 mg/mL 3.62 2.47Bacillus cereus β-Gluconase 0.005 mg/mL 6.66 3.51 Bacillus cereusAMP-LKLK 0.5 mg/mL 12.66 2.85 Bacillus cereus AMP-LKLK 0.05 mg/mL 8.861.33 Bacillus cereus AMP-LKLK 0.005 mg/mL 11.87 5.60 Bacillus cereusLipase 0.5 mg/mL 5.71 4.16 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipase 0.05 mg/mL−3.39 4.21 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipase 0.005 mg/mL −4.75 2.73Pseudomonas aeruginosa OPDtox ™ 0.5 mg/mL 6.60 1.30 Pseudomonasaeruginosa OPDtox ™ 0.05 mg/mL 4.34 1.67 Pseudomonas aeruginosa OPDtox ™0.005 mg/mL 5.77 4.75 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cellulase 0.5 mg/mL 8.762.78 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cellulase 0.05 mg/mL 0.00 3.29 Pseudomonasaeruginosa Cellulase 0.005 mg/mL −2.15 2.54 Pseudomonas aeruginosaTrypsin 0.5 mg/mL 10.69 4.04 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Trypsin 0.05 mg/mL3.77 1.99 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Trypsin 0.005 mg/mL 4.59 1.75Pseudomonas aeruginosa β-Glucosidase 0.5 mg/mL 8.34 1.38 Pseudomonasaeruginosa β-Glucosidase 0.05 mg/mL 2.91 3.82 Pseudomonas aeruginosaβ-Glucosidase 0.005 mg/mL 7.09 3.20 Pseudomonas aeruginosaAmyloglucosidase 0.5 mg/mL 8.46 1.55 Pseudomonas aeruginosaAmyloglucosidase 0.05 mg/mL 6.43 0.72 Pseudomonas aeruginosaAmyloglucosidase 0.005 mg/mL 4.56 4.19 Pseudomonas aeruginosaβ-Gluconase 0.5 mg/mL 3.64 2.85 Pseudomonas aeruginosa β-Gluconase 0.05mg/mL 0.87 0.38 Pseudomonas aeruginosa β-Gluconase 0.005 mg/mL 3.89 2.33Pseudomonas aeruginosa AMP-LKLK 0.5 mg/mL 14.12 4.78 Pseudomonasaeruginosa AMP-LKLK 0.05 mg/mL −11.65 1.43 Pseudomonas aeruginosaAMP-LKLK 0.005 mg/mL −2.77 1.56 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipase 0.5 mg/mL1.27 5.49 Pseudomonas fluorescens Lipase 0.05 mg/mL −5.28 4.48Pseudomonas fluorescens Lipase 0.005 mg/mL 5.43 20.90 Pseudomonasfluorescens OPDtox ™ 0.5 mg/mL 1.51 2.95 Pseudomonas fluorescensOPDtox ™ 0.05 mg/mL 1.38 6.18 Pseudomonas fluorescens OPDtox ™ 0.005mg/mL 8.51 1.02 Pseudomonas fluorescens Cellulase 0.5 mg/mL −0.71 8.23Pseudomonas fluorescens Cellulase 0.05 mg/mL −5.94 3.48 Pseudomonasfluorescens Cellulase 0.005 mg/mL −4.65 8.19 Pseudomonas fluorescensTrypsin 0.5 mg/mL 3.68 5.61 Pseudomonas fluorescens Trypsin 0.05 mg/mL2.09 2.91 Pseudomonas fluorescens Trypsin 0.005 mg/mL 6.83 6.48Pseudomonas fluorescens β-Glucosidase 0.5 mg/mL −3.70 6.60 Pseudomonasfluorescens β-Glucosidase 0.05 mg/mL −6.42 1.73 Pseudomonas fluorescensβ-Glucosidase 0.005 mg/mL 1.87 3.22 Pseudomonas fluorescensAmyloglucosidase 0.5 mg/mL −5.40 0.61 Pseudomonas fluorescensAmyloglucosidase 0.05 mg/mL −1.34 0.65 Pseudomonas fluorescensAmyloglucosidase 0.005 mg/mL −8.80 5.75 Pseudomonas fluorescensβ-Gluconase 0.5 mg/mL −1.24 3.89 Pseudomonas fluorescens β-Gluconase0.05 mg/mL −7.69 2.44 Pseudomonas fluorescens β-Gluconase 0.005 mg/mL−0.08 4.24 Pseudomonas fluorescens AMP-LKLK 0.5 mg/mL 41.24 1.57Pseudomonas fluorescens AMP-LKLK 0.05 mg/mL 15.20 2.99 Pseudomonasfluorescens AMP-LKLK 0.005 mg/mL 22.15 1.38 Pseudomonas fluorescensLipase 0.5 mg/mL 5.46 1.49 Pseudomonas putida Lipase 0.05 mg/mL 4.375.56 Pseudomonas putida Lipase 0.005 mg/mL 16.69 2.47 Pseudomonas putidaOPDtox ™ 0.5 mg/mL −5.47 2.03 Pseudomonas putida OPDtox ™ 0.05 mg/mL3.86 6.97 Pseudomonas putida OPDtox ™ 0.005 mg/mL 15.85 1.15 Pseudomonasputida Cellulase 0.5 mg/mL 19.74 4.93 Pseudomonas putida Cellulase 0.05mg/mL 21.68 3.98 Pseudomonas putida Cellulase 0.005 mg/mL 21.83 1.16Pseudomonas putida Trypsin 0.5 mg/mL 15.02 5.74 Pseudomonas putidaTrypsin 0.05 mg/mL 10.20 4.22 Pseudomonas putida Trypsin 0.005 mg/mL17.47 7.25 Pseudomonas putida β-Glucosidase 0.5 mg/mL 10.90 7.50Pseudomonas putida β-Glucosidase 0.05 mg/mL 17.63 1.13 Pseudomonasputida β-Glucosidase 0.005 mg/mL 19.43 2.13 Pseudomonas putidaAmyloglucosidase 0.5 mg/mL 8.56 3.55 Pseudomonas putida Amyloglucosidase0.05 mg/mL 7.66 9.04 Pseudomonas putida Amyloglucosidase 0.005 mg/mL14.02 5.07 Pseudomonas putida β-Gluconase 0.5 mg/mL 14.48 8.11Pseudomonas putida β-Gluconase 0.05 mg/mL 22.68 2.18 Pseudomonas putidaβ-Gluconase 0.005 mg/mL 24.02 3.78 Pseudomonas putida AMP-LKLK 0.5 mg/mL49.50 1.52 Pseudomonas putida AMP-LKLK 0.05 mg/mL −6.87 6.19 Pseudomonasputida AMP-LKLK 0.005 mg/mL 5.05 9.20 Pseudomonas putida Lipase 0.5mg/mL 2.63 3.76 Alcaligenes faecalis Lipase 0.05 mg/mL −4.75 3.50Alcaligenes faecalis Lipase 0.005 mg/mL −1.01 2.83 Alcaligenes faecalisOPDtox ™ 0.5 mg/mL −8.89 3.84 Alcaligenes faecalis OPDtox ™ 0.05 mg/mL−11.66 5.03 Alcaligenes faecalis OPDtox ™ 0.005 mg/mL −3.99 5.39Alcaligenes faecalis Cellulase 0.5 mg/mL 1.32 7.18 Alcaligenes faecalisCellulase 0.05 mg/mL −11.61 5.41 Alcaligenes faecalis Cellulase 0.005mg/mL 2.47 2.85 Alcaligenes faecalis Trypsin 0.5 mg/mL 7.23 4.20Alcaligenes faecalis Trypsin 0.05 mg/mL −1.40 5.21 Alcaligenes faecalisTrypsin 0.005 mg/mL 4.09 2.75 Alcaligenes faecalis β-Glucosidase 0.5mg/mL 3.20 4.80 Alcaligenes faecalis β-Glucosidase 0.05 mg/mL −0.23 9.47Alcaligenes faecalis β-Glucosidase 0.005 mg/mL 4.98 2.90 Alcaligenesfaecalis Amyloglucosidase 0.5 mg/mL −1.49 2.01 Alcaligenes faecalisAmyloglucosidase 0.05 mg/mL 1.36 1.26 Alcaligenes faecalisAmyloglucosidase 0.005 mg/mL 9.06 3.07 Alcaligenes faecalis β-Gluconase0.5 mg/mL 0.95 3.44 Alcaligenes faecalis β-Gluconase 0.05 mg/mL −0.877.36 Alcaligenes faecalis β-Gluconase 0.005 mg/mL 8.15 4.61 Alcaligenesfaecalis AMP-LKLK 0.5 mg/mL 3.66 3.74 Alcaligenes faecalis AMP-LKLK 0.05mg/mL −15.18 4.54 Alcaligenes faecalis AMP-LKLK 0.005 mg/mL 5.90 3.52Alcaligenes faecalis Lipase 0.5 mg/mL 9.26 3.16 Bacillus cereus Lipase0.05 mg/mL 7.33 1.51 Bacillus cereus Lipase 0.005 mg/mL 11.03 0.52Bacillus cereus OPDtox ™ 0.5 mg/mL 4.31 1.21 Bacillus cereus OPDtox ™0.05 mg/mL 9.35 1.45 Bacillus cereus OPDtox ™ 0.005 mg/mL 16.85 3.42Bacillus cereus Cellulase 0.5 mg/mL 0.30 2.66 Bacillus cereus Cellulase0.05 mg/mL 11.12 0.66 Bacillus cereus Cellulase 0.005 mg/mL 14.21 2.28Bacillus cereus Trypsin 0.5 mg/mL −0.41 1.41 Bacillus cereus Trypsin0.05 mg/mL 10.77 1.52 Bacillus cereus Trypsin 0.005 mg/mL 12.59 2.31Bacillus cereus β-Glucosidase 0.5 mg/mL 1.13 2.87 Bacillus cereusβ-Glucosidase 0.05 mg/mL 10.72 2.54 Bacillus cereus β-Glucosidase 0.005mg/mL 17.35 6.15 Bacillus cereus Amyloglucosidase 0.5 mg/mL −9.50 4.38Bacillus cereus Amyloglucosidase 0.05 mg/mL 4.93 0.90 Bacillus cereusAmyloglucosidase 0.005 mg/mL 10.40 1.79 Bacillus cereus β-Gluconase 0.5mg/mL −7.01 3.62 Bacillus cereus β-Gluconase 0.05 mg/mL 3.62 2.47Bacillus cereus β-Gluconase 0.005 mg/mL 6.66 3.51 Bacillus cereusAMP-LKLK 0.5 mg/mL 12.66 2.85 Bacillus cereus AMP-LKLK 0.05 mg/mL 8.861.33 Bacillus cereus AMP-LKLK 0.005 mg/mL 11.87 5.60 Bacillus cereusLipase 0.5 mg/mL 3.01 0.53 Enterobacter aerogenes Lipase 0.05 mg/mL 1.021.53 Enterobacter aerogenes Lipase 0.005 mg/mL −0.45 2.56 Enterobacteraerogenes OPDtox ™ 0.5 mg/mL 6.08 1.53 Enterobacter aerogenes OPDtox ™0.05 mg/mL 6.09 3.57 Enterobacter aerogenes OPDtox ™ 0.005 mg/mL 8.201.03 Enterobacter aerogenes Cellulase 0.5 mg/mL 5.07 3.51 Enterobacteraerogenes Cellulase 0.05 mg/mL 5.12 2.49 Enterobacter aerogenesCellulase 0.005 mg/mL 5.79 1.84 Enterobacter aerogenes Trypsin 0.5 mg/mL7.43 3.96 Enterobacter aerogenes Trypsin 0.05 mg/mL 9.89 0.84Enterobacter aerogenes Trypsin 0.005 mg/mL 9.50 2.24 Enterobacteraerogenes β-Glucosidase 0.5 mg/mL 3.81 2.37 Enterobacter aerogenesβ-Glucosidase 0.05 mg/mL 7.76 2.21 Enterobacter aerogenes β-Glucosidase0.005 mg/mL 4.21 0.34 Enterobacter aerogenes Amyloglucosidase 0.5 mg/mL10.07 1.84 Enterobacter aerogenes Amyloglucosidase 0.05 mg/mL 9.58 2.29Enterobacter aerogenes Amyloglucosidase 0.005 mg/mL 2.34 2.67Enterobacter aerogenes β-Gluconase 0.5 mg/mL 3.73 5.20 Enterobacteraerogenes β-Gluconase 0.05 mg/mL 12.57 0.91 Enterobacter aerogenesβ-Gluconase 0.005 mg/mL 6.35 6.25 Enterobacter aerogenes AMP-LKLK 0.5mg/mL 39.26 2.03 Enterobacter aerogenes AMP-LKLK 0.05 mg/mL 31.00 3.17Enterobacter aerogenes AMP-LKLK 0.005 mg/mL 11.01 11.40 Enterobacteraerogenes Cinnamaldehyde 0.50% 88.06 0.12 Microbe mix Cinnamaldehyde0.25% 89.16 0.50 Microbe mix Cinnamaldehyde 0.05% 60.76 2.76 Microbe mixCitral 0.50% 61.88 1.13 Microbe mix Citral 0.25% 65.54 2.14 Microbe mixCitral 0.05% 23.29 4.90 Microbe mix Monolaurin 0.5 mg/mL 61.13 0.44Microbe mix Monolaurin 0.05 mg/mL 13.57 4.87 Microbe mix Monolaurin0.005 mg/mL 16.80 1.08 Microbe mix AMP-7 0.5 mg/mL 53.55 2.82 Microbemix AMP-7 0.05 mg/mL 23.18 0.90 Microbe mix AMP-7 0.005 mg/mL 13.99 1.84Microbe mix AMP-6 0.5 mg/mL 40.12 5.11 Microbe mix AMP-6 0.05 mg/mL19.66 3.07 Microbe mix AMP-6 0.005 mg/mL 14.06 2.79 Microbe mix AMP-LKLK0.5 mg/mL 36.77 2.78 Microbe mix AMP-LKLK 0.05 mg/mL 16.21 2.92 Microbemix AMP-LKLK 0.005 mg/mL 12.95 4.27 Microbe mix Glucose oxidase 0.5mg/mL 6.71 4.07 Microbe mix Glucose oxidase 0.05 mg/mL 6.89 0.99 Microbemix Glucose oxidase 0.005 mg/mL 13.34 3.36 Microbe mix Peroxidase 0.5mg/mL 8.65 6.47 Microbe mix Peroxidase 0.05 mg/mL −11.57 3.72 Microbemix Peroxidase 0.005 mg/mL −2.20 4.58 Microbe mix Alginate lyase 0.5mg/mL −0.92 2.25 Microbe mix Alginate lyase 0.05 mg/mL 8.62 5.35 Microbemix Alginate lyase 0.005 mg/mL 7.05 8.71 Microbe mix Chymotrypsin 0.5mg/mL −0.80 1.43 Microbe mix Chymotrypsin 0.05 mg/mL 2.87 1.62 Microbemix Chymotrypsin 0.005 mg/mL 1.61 2.26 Microbe mix Protease 0.5 mg/mL−0.53 0.68 Microbe mix Protease 0.05 mg/mL −0.39 2.73 Microbe mixProtease 0.005 mg/mL 4.95 3.39 Microbe mix Lysozyme 0.5 mg/mL 21.89 2.87Microbe mix Lysozyme 0.05 mg/mL 11.86 0.93 Microbe mix Lysozyme 0.005mg/mL 12.61 5.54 Microbe mix Cinnamaldehyde +  0.5%/ 85.13 1.05 Microbemix glucose oxidase 0.05 mg/mL Cinnamaldehyde + 0.25%/ 85.55 3.09Microbe mix glucose oxidase 0.05 mg/mL Glucose oxidase + 0.05 mg/mL/49.34 4.14 Microbe mix AMP-7 0.5 mg/mL Lysozyme + 0.5 mg/mL/ 40.03 15.31Microbe mix glucose oxidase + 0.05 mg/mL/ AMP-7 0.5 mg/mL Lysozyme + 0.5mg/mL/ 38.38 0.34 Microbe mix alginate lyase + 0.5 mg/mL/ glucoseoxidase + 0.05 mg/mL/ AMP-7 0.5 mg/mL Heat-killed — 81.07 3.04 Microbemix (65° C., 30 min)

The biobased additives and active concentrations against each of theindividual bacterial test strains is shown at the Table below.

TABLE 108 The effects of selected antimicrobial compounds on the growthof various microogarnisms. AVERAGES 1% or 0.1% or 0.01% or 0.5 0.050.005 Strain Additive mg/ml mg/ml mg/ml Pseudomonas cinnamaldehyde 95.2877.20 −3.09 aeruginosa Pseudomonas glucose oxidase 11.62 7.35 14.51aeruginosa Pseudomonas alginate lyase −12.52 −10.68 −5.01 aeruginosaPseudomonas peroxidase 19.65 −0.05 −0.43 aeruginosa Pseudomonasmonolaurin 56.55 −3.09 −8.59 aeruginosa Pseudomonas citral 25.46 33.70−1.03 aeruginosa Pseudomonas AMP-6 28.30 −6.10 −3.46 aeruginosaPseudomonas AMP-7 61.19 −0.83 2.29 aeruginosa Pseudomonas lysozyme −4.82−3.60 −3.18 aeruginosa Pseudomonas putida cinnamaldehyde 92.50 86.0468.15 Pseudomonas putida glucose oxidase 59.68 74.16 76.30 Pseudomonasputida alginate lyase 33.79 2.85 −5.69 Pseudomonas putida peroxidase45.94 4.63 −3.84 Pseudomonas putida monolaurin 92.56 89.48 20.37Pseudomonas putida citral 84.60 92.50 84.14 Pseudomonas putida AMP-663.66 14.46 21.89 Pseudomonas putida Amp-7 89.91 51.99 2.87 Pseudomonasputida lysozyme 17.44 −21.00 34.51 Pseudomonas cinnamaldehyde 82.4072.16 27.17 fluorescens Pseudomonas glucose oxidase 45.86 28.49 34.28fluorescens Pseudomonas alginate lyase 32.36 2.54 −0.43 fluorescensPseudomonas peroxidase 34.79 22.00 11.64 fluorescens Pseudomonasmonolaurin 61.87 −5.93 −4.19 fluorescens Pseudomonas citral 79.16 86.562.16 fluorescens Pseudomonas AMP-6 62.80 16.05 20.30 fluorescensPseudomonas AMP-7 72.73 26.04 21.59 fluorescens Pseudomonas lysozyme13.86 1.33 8.75 fluorescens Bacillus cereus cinnamaldehyde 83.02 43.033.28 Bacillus cereus glucose oxidase 12.68 19.27 16.79 Bacillus cereusalginate lyase 15.91 22.34 14.97 Bacillus cereus peroxidase 7.03 −2.37−0.51 Bacillus cereus monolaurin 73.86 55.39 12.15 Bacillus cereuscitral 38.62 48.69 21.31 Bacillus cereus AMP-6 17.48 13.07 28.80Bacillus cereus AMP-7 29.93 9.75 17.04 Bacillus cereus lysozyme −9.071.39 17.97 Alcaligenes faecalis cinnamaldehyde 86.77 67.90 57.22Alcaligenes faecalis glucose oxidase 64.05 76.69 79.88 Alcaligenesfaecalis alginate lyase 66.65 11.49 5.36 Alcaligenes faecalis peroxidase74.74 31.57 18.08 Alcaligenes faecalis monolaurin 66.71 14.96 0.29Alcaligenes faecalis citral 74.93 79.50 52.54 Alcaligenes faecalis AMP-666.88 5.50 −10.55 Alcaligenes faecalis AMP-7 68.38 2.36 −10.23Alcaligenes faecalis lysozyme 32.58 −35.02 1.48 Enterobacter aerogenescinnamaldehyde 95.20 46.62 −13.98 Enterobacter aerogenes glucose oxidase24.76 21.47 51.89 Enterobacter aerogenes alginate lyase 21.12 1.88 9.93Enterobacter aerogenes peroxidase 9.42 3.48 10.19 Enterobacter aerogenesmonolaurin 46.04 0.86 0.20 Enterobacter aerogenes citral 78.36 46.5014.80 Enterobacter aerogenes AMP-6 54.24 39.24 25.34 Enterobacteraerogenes AMP-7 61.52 43.83 28.70 Enterobacter aerogenes lysozyme 26.026.45 14.59

Differences in susceptibility were seen among the test strains with A.faecalis and P. putida showing susceptibility to the highest number ofbiobased additives (8 and 7, respectively). B. cereus and P. aeruginosawere susceptible to the lowest number of biobased additives (2 and 3,respectively). Concentration differences were also seen between thestrains with some only showing susceptibility to the highest testconcentrations. In addition, some of the biobased additives showed abroader antibacterial activity with effectiveness against 5-6 of thetest microorganisms (AMP-6, AMP-7, cinnamaldehyde, citral, andmonolaurin), while others showed a narrower range of activity witheffectiveness against only one microorganism (alginate lyase,peroxidase, and AMP-LKLK). Glucose oxidase was intermediate, showingactivity against three of the test strains.

Following the screening of individual strains, the XTT assay was used toevaluate effectiveness against a mixed inoculum of all six test strains.This is similar in regard to the inoculation procedure used in ASTMD2574 where all strains are grown separately and then inoculated as amixture into the coating. This was done on select single biobasedadditives and combinations of additives. In addition, several complexmixtures were analyzed for the potential of additive or synergisticeffects—particularly with those biobased additives that target differentmolecular components of the cell. The effects of various antimicrobialcompounds, alone and in combination, on the growth of a mixture in equalparts of A. faecalis, B. cereus, E. aerogenes, P. aeruginosa, P.fluorescens, and P. putida as measured by XTT testing and the resultsshown in the Table below. For undiluted antimicrobial compounds 0.5%(v/v) for cinnamaldehyde and citral was used, and 0.5 mg/mL for allother compounds was used. For 1:10 dilution column results, 0.25% (v/v)for cinnamaldehyde and citral was used, and 0.05 mg/mL for all othercompounds used. For the 1:100 dilution column results, 0.05% (v/v) forcinnamaldehyde and citral was used, 0.005 mg/mL for all other compoundswas used.

TABLE 109 Mixed microbial innoculants XTT assay results against variousbiocides average undiluted 1:10 1:100 cinnamaldehyde 88.06 89.16 60.76citral 61.88 65.54 23.29 monolaurin 61.13 13.57 16.80 AMP-7 53.55 23.1813.99 AMP-6 40.12 19.66 14.06 AMP-LKLK 36.77 16.21 12.95 glucose oxidase6.71 6.89 13.34 peroxidase 8.65 −11.57 −2.20 alginate lyase −0.92 8.627.05 chymotrypsin −0.80 2.87 1.61 protease −0.53 −0.39 4.95 lysozyme21.89 11.86 12.61 cinnamaldehyde + glucose 85.13 85.55 oxidase glucoseoxidase + AMP-7 49.34 lysozyme + glucose 40.03 oxidase + AMP-7lysozyme + alginate lyase + 38.38 glucose oxidase + AMP-7 heat-killed(65 C., 30 min) 81.07

Several additives displayed similar trends in activity against the mixedinoculum as was seen with individual strains—with cinnamaldehyde,citral, monolaurin, and AMP-7 showing the greatest reduction in cellularmetabolism with 89%, 66%, 61%, and 54%, respectively. In addition,combinations containing cinnamaldehyde/glucose oxidase and AMP-7/glucoseoxidase had a reduction in cellular metabolism of 85% and 49%respectively. AMP-6, AMP-LKLK, and a complex combination oflysozyme/AMP-7/glucose oxidase/alginate lyase showed around 40%reduction in cellular metabolism. All other biobased additives testedwere below 25% reduction in metabolism.

Based on the XTT results, select biobased additives and combinationswere tested using direct coating challenges as described in ASTM D2574with the microbes being evaluated herein followed by sampling forrecoverable growth over seven days. A biocide-free acrylic latex coatingand acrylic latex coating containing Kathon™ LX 1.5% (finalconcentration 0.15 wt %) were prepared (see Table below).

TABLE 110 Coating Formulation Ingredient Wt % Vol Water 11.67 11.67Tamol 731 1.31 1.19 Triton CF-10 0.28 0.26 BYK 022 0.19 0.19 Kathon LX(1.5%) 0.15 0.15 Ti-Pure 706 23.36 5.84 Polygloss 90 2.34 0.90 Rollermill overnight, check grind (5-6 NS) Mixer at low speed Water 15.4815.48 Latex 43.04 39.13 Optifilm Enhancer 400 1.88 1.94 BYK 024 0.180.18 Rheovis PU 1250NC 0.13 0.12 100.00 77.04 Mixer on high speed, hold20 min PVC, % 29 Solids, wt % 48.10 Solids, vol % 35.20

The biocide-free acrylic latex was used as a negative control and toformulate coatings containing the biobased additives and itscombinations. The Kathon LX 1.5% was used as a traditional biocidecontaining positive control. A rating scale from 0-4 was used toindicate bacterial colony counts after an incubation period of sevendays following plating on tryptic soy agar. Two separate tests wereperformed using different inoculation levels of the mixed bacterialspecies, 1 μL/mL and 10 μL/mL. This is the recommended inoculation levelfollowing ASTM and 10-fold the inoculation, which is recommended as thenext inoculation level in the ASTM method. The coating containing KathonLX 1.5% showed efficient control of the mixed microorganisms with ascore of 0 on day 1. Cinnamaldehyde showed effectiveness against thetested microorganisms in both challenge experiments with somedifferences in the rate of decrease. The high concentration ofcinnamaldehyde was used to confirm that the results of over 80%reduction in metabolism in the mixed microorganisms XTT assay translatedto the ASTM coating challenge method. At the initial test concentrationspresented here, a combination containing cinnamaldehyde and glucoseoxidase showed a greater impact on day 1 than the cinnamaldehyde alonewith a 2.5 (with one plate scoring a 2 and the other scoring a 3) on day1 versus a 3 for the cinnamaldehyde coating alone, and both samplesreached a 0 by day 3. This trend was not seen at the lower inoculationlevel. The coating containing citral also achieved a 0 by day 7, but thedecrease was slower than that seen for cinnamaldehyde, with a 4 on day1, 3 on day 3, 1.5 on day 5, and 0 on day 7. At the testedconcentrations, neither AMP-7, AMP-6, monolaurin, glucose oxidase aloneor in combination with other biobased additives targeting differentmolecular targets decreased the score from 4 by day 7. As per the ASTM,samples that achieved a 0 were reinoculated at a level of 10 L/mL.

Initial property testing (pencil hardness, crosshatch adhesion, gloss,viscosity, and color) was conducted on acrylic latex coating formulatedwith several biobased additives alone or in combination (see Tablebelow).

TABLE 111 Paint Properties ICI Pencil Crosshatch Gloss Viscosity SampleHardness* Adhesion* @ 60°^(†) (P) Color^(†) ΔE Control B 4B 27.8 0.705L* = 96.6  a* = −1.2 b* = 2.1  AMP-7 HB 5B 28.5 1.029 L* = 96.3 0.3460.5 mg/mL  a* = −1.2 b* = 2.0  Glucose oxidase HB 5B 31.2 0.697 L* =96.5 0.106 0.05 mg/mL  a* = −1.2 b* = 2.1  AMP-7 0.5 mg/mL, 2B 5B 30.10.636 L* = 96.3 0.375 Lysozyme 0.5 mg/mL,  a* = −1.2 Glucose oxidase0.05 b* = 2.0  mg/mL *Q-panel (dry film thickness 25-33 μm); ^(†)Opacitychart (dry film thickness 48-54 μm)

The control (biocide-free) coating had pencil hardness and crosshatchadhesion values of B and 4B, respectively. All the biobased additivecoatings scored a 5B on crosshatch adhesion. Coatings containing AMP-7and glucose oxidase were rated as slightly harder with pencil hardnessvalues of HB, but the coating with AMP-7/lysozyme/glucose oxidase wassofter (2B). The biobased additives had minimal impact on the 60° glosswith values ranging from 27.8 for the control to 31.2 for the coatingwith glucose oxidase. The coating with AMP-7 exhibited higher ICIviscosity (1.029 P), and the other coatings were comparable in viscosityto the acrylic latex control (0.705 P). The biobased additives hadnegligible effect on the color (ΔE values<0.4 relative to the control).

The XTT assay of single bacterial challenge microbes successfullyidentified biobased additives that could reduce cellular metabolismby >50% as well as those that could reduce metabolism to over 80%, whichis comparable to heat-killed experiments where no viable cells aredetectable. These biobased additive candidates belonged to all testclasses; enzymes, peptides and small-molecule natural products.Organismal-based differences in activity were observed as well asdifferences in effectiveness at various test concentrations. Thesedifferences in activity between groups of test strains reflect thedifferences in cellular characteristics between the test organisms, aswell as the need to tailor effective microbicides across a broadspectrum of contaminants that can occur for different applications. Forinstance, endospore formation by B. cereus creates a protected dormantstate that can persist in the environment and germinate at a later timeto establish vegetative growth. It is common to include a spore former,such as Bacillus, in coating challenge experiments to evaluate theeffectiveness in eliminating spores versus vegetative cellular growth.Pseudomonas species are amongst the most commonly recovered coatingspoilage agents. The vast metabolic capability of Pseudomonads,protective exopolysaccharide glycocalyx, and propensity to producebiofilms aid in their success in such environments as coatings,additives, and production equipment. The formation of biofilms, whichconsist of bacteria entrapped in a network of complex and variousextracellular polysaccharides, aids in attachment and protection.Species-specific differences were detected in the current study, with P.putida being susceptible to more classes and concentrations of biobasedadditives tested as compared to P. aeruginosa.

This Example and the additional disclosures herein indicate the abilityto substitute biobased biocides for traditional biocides. A number ofcombinations of biobased biocides have been shown to eliminate commonmicrobial contaminants of latex coatings. In some cases, all members ofa mixed inoculum were eliminated similarly to a traditional biocide inthe same coating. In other cases, all but a single up to only a fewmicrobial contaminants was eliminated from a mixed inoculum by use of abiobased biocidal formulation—which results were distinguished by a highkill-rate exhibited by the metabolic assay, and a single species lawn orisolated colonies in the standard ASTM plating assay. In the case of thesuccessful biobased preservatives, in certain additional instances,in-film antimicrobial efficacy was observed against Escherichia colichallenges of fixed films of the in-can preserved coatings.

Activities against single bacterial isolates were compared to a mixedinoculum containing all six test bacterial strains, as well as themolecular targeted combinations with biobased additives that did notdisplay significant activity on their own were evaluated. The resultsindicate that this approach can be used to quickly focus thepreservative formulation to those contaminants that exhibit initialrecalcitrance. For instance, one such effective formulation was acombination of lysozyme, AMP-7, glucose oxidase, and alginate lyase. Themethod herein includes to select disruptive properties impactingdistinct cellular components to achieve synergistic effects. Alginatelyase targets the extracellular polysaccharide layer, AMP-7 the membrane(amongst other impacts), lysozyme the cell wall, and glucose oxidaseproduces oxidative stress. For the single additives, high activity (>80%reduction in cellular metabolism) against all the individual stainscorrelated to high activity in the mixed inoculum test results. In themixed inoculation assay, test concentrations of cinnamaldehyde at 0.5%and 0.25% showed >80% reduction in metabolism, while the effectivenessof the 0.05% additive concentration dropped to just over 60%.

For other additives that only displayed activity against a few of thestrains, activity was not seen in the mixed inoculum at these testconcentrations. For example, glucose oxidase and alginate lyase showedactivity against one or more test strains alone, but had <20% reductionin metabolism against the mixed inoculum. Others like AMP-7, citral, andmonolaurin which displayed >50% (and in some cases >80%) reduction incellular metabolism against all but one of the test strains alone; anddisplayed >50%, but <70% reduction in metabolism for the mixed culture.This indicates that less than complete kill was achieved for at leastone of the mixed strains, allowing for continued survival and growth inthe culture media. Activity also dropped below 30% reduction inmetabolism for the lower test concentrations in the mixed inoculum.

Biobased preservatives based on the XTT and ASTM data fall into severalclasses of biological molecules. AMPs are a diverse group of smallpeptides produced by numerous organisms from microbes to humans. Theyplay a role in host defenses against microorganisms. The current AMPstested are part of a combinatorial library generated by ReactiveSurfaces Ltd. and consist of combinations of charged and hydrophobicgroups. Their antimicrobial activity has been demonstrated in solutionand in dry-film formulations against various microorganisms, includingbacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses. Previous tests of AMP-7 indicated alevel of 3% total solids in dry film had impact on several bacterialspecies including Pseudomonas. The small organic molecules used forcomparative purposes between the XTT and ASTM, cinnamaldehyde andcitral, are present in cinnamon bark and lemon grass (among otherplants), respectively. They make up a large proportion of the essentialoil content from their respective sources but are also synthesized onlarge scale.

It is contemplated that the enzyme biobased additives may be used invarious combinations. For example, glucose oxidase and lysozyme may beevaluated at increased concentrations and in combination with otherbiobased additives. Both are listed as GRAS for various intended usesand have been used in the food industry. They are produced on commercialscale and available in bulk quantities. Lysozyme targets the bacterialcell wall and cleaves glyosidic bonds of peptidoglycan. It has beenshown to be effective against Gram-positive bacteria and is routinelyused in combination with other agents that disrupt the membrane allowingaccess to the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall. Glucose oxidasecatalyzes the oxidation of glucose and subsequent release of hydrogenperoxide that can induce cellular damage.

Several in-can challenge methodologies routinely used by the industrycan vary in their degree of specificity, and it may not produce similarconclusions between them. The reliance on crude analysis and scoringmethods may not provide a clear picture of the impact of novel biocideson the consortium growth. For instance, a score of 2 or 3 in the ASTMcould be a single colony type or multiple colony types, and does notdiscern if each strain is remaining viable in the coating. Being able tomake this differentiation gives valuable information as to whether thebiocide is effective against a particular group of bacteria such asPseudomonas versus Bacillus. While these methods are sufficient todetermine end use effectiveness, ultimately achieving the goal ofscoring a complete kill against the target microbes of interest, they donot easily facilitate the development of novel and tailored approachesto control and preservation. These results herein this Example indicatethat an initial metabolic or other rapid-throughput assay allows aninitial result that can be used to predict likelihood of success of thesame biocide formulation as an in-can preservative. An 80% reduction inmetabolism using the mixed inoculum translated into a complete kill inthe ASTM challenge method. It is contemplated that the AMPs (andadditional peptides and enzymes) may be similarly evaluated to determineif the same trend holds true for these molecules.

It is contemplated that molecular methods can be developed to conductdirect analysis of microbial community structure in coating samples.This will allow for real-time monitoring of individual bacterial growthpatterns in the coating sample and impacts on each strain of theconsortium following biobased additive treatment.

Example 65: Nuclease Coating Demonstration

In this Example, 50 μL Minwax was combined to 50 μL DNase I 2998 U/mL(2.98 U/μL) or EcoRI 50 U/μL. A second EcoRI was combined to 90 μLMinwax and 10 μL EcoRI due to heavy cloudiness in coating (DNase Icoating remained clear to eye). 2 μL of coating was spread into bottomof 96-well plate. The coating was cured one triplicate set (with Minwaxcontrol) at 60° C. for 30 minutes and the other at room temp. The firsttest was 2 days following application. 5 μL of precut plasmid DNA (cutwith EcoRI so linear instead of circular) was added and incubated 20minutes at 35° C. 10 μL of sterile water loading buffer (10:1) was addedand entire contents loaded into precast 0.8% agarose gel containingethidium bromide. The samples were electrophoresed for 30 minutes in agel kit, then illuminated using uv light box. DNase I incorporated intominwax produced no visible bands indicating the coating degraded theDNA.

Additionally, another verification of the DNA degrading coating'sactivity was conducted. 25 μl TE buffer and 25 μl pAMP plasmid (0.2μg/ml) was added to a microcentrifuge tube. The material was mixed andadded 5 μl pAMP/TE solution into the following wells: 3 wells Minwaxcontrol, 3 wells EcoRI coating, and 3 wells DNase I coating. Thecoatings were incubated at 35° C. for 20 minutes. 10 μL TE containing10% loading dye was added. Pipetting was done to evenly rinse wells andload entire contents into wells of a 0.8% agarose gel containingethidium bromide. The materials were electrophoresed 30 minutes andvisualized under uv light. The DNase coated wells had no visible bands,while all other samples did, demonstrating the coating degraded the DNA.

Example 66: Demonstrating the effectiveness of bio-based antimicrobialagents.

It is contemplated, and as described herein, that rapid molecularmicrobiology screening methods, traditional paint challenge procedures,retention of in-film activity, and augmenting paint challenge methodswith molecular techniques may be used to demonstrate the effectivenessof bio-based antimicrobial agents alone or in combination withtraditional chemical-based preservative(s) (e.g., biocide(s)). Examplesof rapid methods for monitoring enzyme active in materials includes thesmall molecule, 4-nitrophenyl acetate, used as indicator of hydrolyticactivity by generation of a yellow color indicates an enzyme (e.g.,lipase) is working; and retention of antimicrobial activity (cell lysis)can be visualized by clearing of a solution of Micrococcus luteus cellswherein clearing of the turbid cell solution indicates a lyticbioadditive (e.g., lysozyme) is working. Another example is a liquidhigh-throughput XTT viability assay (XTT Cell Proliferation Assay KitInstruction Manual, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va.,2011), where the cell viability assay utilizes the ability of livingcells to reduce the tetrazolium dye XTT(2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide)to a colored product that can be measured spectrophotometrically.Examples of bio-based additives whose anti-microbial activity can bemeasured include enzymes [e.g., amyloglucosidase, alginate lyase,beta-glucosidase, lysozyme, pectinase, lipase, beta-mannosidase,trypsin, beta-glucanase, chymotrypsin, endoglucanase, protease,cellulase, glucose oxidase, amylase, peroxidase, organophosphatehydrolase (OPDtox™)], peptides (e.g., AMP-7, AMP-6, AMP-LKLK, nisin),small molecule natural products (e.g., cinnamaldehyde, citral,monolaurin), or a combination thereof. Examples of organisms that may beused in demonstrations of antimicrobial activity by a bio-based agentand/or traditional chemical preservative includes Alcaligenes faecalis(a Gram-negative bacillus), Bacillus cereus (a Gram-positive bacillus,spore former), Enterobacter aerogenes (a Gram-negative entericorganism), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (a Gram-negative pseudomonad, biofilmformer), Pseudomonas fluorescens (a Gram-negative pseudomonad, biofilmformer), Pseudomonas putida (a Gram-negative pseudomonad, biofilmformer), or a combination thereof.

Additional examples of traditional preservatives that may be used in thecompositions and methods herein include KORDEK™ 573F, which comprises2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (“MIT”; an isothiazolinone derivativetypically used as an in-can preservative); BIOBAN™ 551S, which comprisesthe isothiazolinone derivatives 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (“MIT”)and 2-methyl-1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one (“MBIT”; which is typicallyused as an in-can preservative); KATHON™ LX 1.5% that comprises theisothiazolinone derivative 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (“MIT”) and thehalogenated isothiazolinone derivative5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (“MCI”) typically for in-canpreservation; ROCIMA™ 63 which comprises the isothiazolinone derivative2-n octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (“OIT”) the carbamatemethylbenzimidazole-2-yl carbamate (“MBC”) and phenylurea typically foruse in dry-film; and Mergal 395 which comprises the hydantoinformaldehyde releaser 1,3-dihydroxymethyl-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (“DMDM”)and is typically used in coatings, sealants, and stains; or acombination thereof. Issues that make use of traditional chemicalbiocides include human and environmental concerns (e.g., formaldehydereleasers, isothiazolinone skin sensitization, increased regulations onusage and levels). For example, in the European Union MIT has “skinsensitive” labeling as “may cause an allergic skin reaction” at lessthan or equal to 15 parts per million (“ppm”), and between 1.5 to 15parts per million a label of “May produce an allergic reaction” with aMIT recommended dosage is 100-200 ppm, combined with CMIT to achievedosage of less than 15 ppm; and it is contemplated that biobasedadditives may be used to decrease biocide concentrations.

Example 67: Demonstration of rapid methods for monitoring enzyme activein materials.

A commercial caulk was functionalized with lipase and activity measuredin plate wells wherein 4-nitrophenyl hydrolysis demonstrated 7.9micromoles/minute activity while a blank well control demonstrated 0micromoles/minute activity. A commercial caulk was functionalized withlysozyme and activity measured by absorbance at 450 nm for turbidity ina Micrococcus luteus lysis assay demonstrated 0.1492 absorbance, vs.0.5673 absorbance for a blank control. An XTT assay was used todemonstrate the percent reduction of metabolic activity by variousbio-based agents at different concentrations against P. aeruginosa, P.putida, a mixture of microbes described in the Example above, selectorganisms at the Tables below.

TABLE 112A XTT Assay measurements against P. aeruginosa. AVERAGES 0.50.05 0.005 mg/ml mg/ml mg/ml cinnamaldehyde 79.64 18.23 1.52 glucoseoxidase 11.62 7.35 14.51 alginate lyase −12.52 −10.68 −5.01 peroxidase19.65 −0.05 −0.43 monolaurin 56.55 −3.09 −8.59 citral 14.30 −0.36 9.36AMP-6 28.30 −6.10 −3.46 AMP-7 61.19 −0.83 2.29

TABLE 112B XTT Assay measurements against P. putida AVERAGES 0.5 0.050.005 mg/ml mg/ml mg/ml cinnamaldehyde 88.33 61.38 38.36 glucose oxidase59.68 74.16 76.30 alginate lyase 33.79 2.85 −5.69 peroxidase 45.94 4.63−3.84 monolaurin 92.56 89.48 20.37 citral 90.47 48.94 41.02 AMP-6 63.6614.46 21.89 AMP-7 89.91 51.99 2.87

TABLE 112C XTT Assay measurements against a mixture of mix of P. putida,P. fluorescens, P. aeruginosa, B. cereus, E. aerogenes, and A. faecalisaverage undiluted 1:10 1:100 cinnamaldehyde 55.06 11.66 4.44 citral18.91 0.51 −0.35 monolaurin 61.13 13.57 16.80 AMP-7 53.55 23.18 13.99AMP-6 40.12 19.66 14.06 glucose oxidase 6.71 6.89 13.34 peroxidase 8.65−11.57 −2.20 alginate lyase −0.92 8.62 7.05 lysozyme 21.89 11.86 12.61glucose oxidase + AMP-7 49.34 lysozyme + glucose 40.03 oxidase + AMP-7lysozyme + alginate lyase + 38.38 glucose oxidase + AMP-7 heat-killed(65 C., 30 min) 81.07

TABLE 112D XTT Assay measurements against select organisms. P. A. nigernotatum C. vulgaris Control Paint 0 0 0 AMP- 81.62 100.29 45.237/Lysozyme/G.O.

Testing of the microorganisms using ASTM Standard D2574-16 (StandardTest Method for Resistance of Emulsion Coatings in the Container toAttack by Microorganisms, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa.,2016, DOI: 10.1520/D2574-16) are shown at the Table below.

TABLE 113 Testing of the microorganisms using ASTM Standard D2574-16.0.5 mg/ml Biocide Kathlon glucose oxidase 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% Day Free LX(GO) cinamaldehyde cinnamaldehyde cinnamaldehyde + GO 1 4 0 4 4 4 4 3 40 4 2.5 1 3 5 4 0 4 1 0 0 7 4 0 4 0 0 0

The data for the re-inoculations are shown in the Tables below.

TABLE 114 Re-inoculation #1 Score Score #1 #2 0.5% cinnamaldehyde 0 00.5% citral 3 3 0.5% cinnamaldehyde, 0.5 mg/ml AMP-7, 0 0 0.05 mg/mlglucose oxidase 0.5% cinnamaldehyde, 0.5 mg/ml monolaurin, 0 0 0.05mg/ml glucose oxidase 0.5% cinnamaldehyde, 0.05 mg/ml glucose oxidase 00

TABLE 115 Re-inoculation #2 Score Score #1 #2 0.5% cinnamaldehyde 0 00.5% cinnamaldehyde, 0.5 mg/ml AMP-7, 0 0 0.05 mg/ml glucose oxidase0.5% cinnamaldehyde, 0.5 mg/ml monolaurin, 0 0 0.05 mg/ml glucoseoxidase 0.5% cinnamaldehyde, 0.05 mg/ml glucose oxidase 0 0

The ratings of 1-4 used were did not completely capture the differencesin colonies seen when comparing control acrylic latex, 0.05 mg/mlglucose oxidase, KATHON™ LX 1.5%, 0.1% cinnamaldehyde coating streakedagar plates.

Example 68. This example shows the molecular approaches to augment paintchallenges.

It is contemplated that the surviving organism(s) of a mixture ofmicroorganisms after an preservative assay may be identified bymolecular approaches. Colony or lawn growth can be streaked forisolation on appropriate media. DNA extracted and gene specific primerscan be used for PCR amplification. The sequences can be aligned andcompared for homology as well as searched against the GenBank sequencedatabase, and comparison of sequences between inoculation microorganismsand surviving isolates identified.

It is further contemplated that a method for in can community structureanalysis may be conducted to evaluate the preservative activity of abiobased agent and/or chemical based preservative at different times.Total RNA or DNA can be extracted from challenged paint samples. Probesspecific for each strain targeting variable regions of the sequences canbe designed. This would enable the rapid quantitation of growth rates ofstrain members in the sample over time without the necessity to identifyisolated strains by biochemical or sequence methods. Further, it iscontemplated this method may be applied to production point analysis toidentify contaminating microorganisms at any point in manufacture of amaterial, particularly using general probes used to detect anycontamination and specific probes for detailed organism identification.For example, the compositions and methods herein may be used in analysisto identify contaminating microorganisms at any point in manufacture ofa material, such as at a tank farm having up to thousands (e.g., 1 to2000 or more) of different raw materials of different types (e.g., atint, a resin, an oil, a solvent); at a metering deck for the materials;a pre-mixing tank; a dispersion mill; during let-down (“dilution”); at afiling machine; a labeling machine; a packaging carton; during shipping(e.g., via truck, ship, airplane); at a store; and at the an end user;with one or more samples that could be taken from a tank, container(e.g., a coating can), mixing equipment, pipe, hose, etc. that contactsthe materials at any point during processing.

Based on the disclosures herein, it is contemplated that XTT cellviability assay will be valuable for rapid screening of biobasedadditives (single species and mixed inoculum). It is contemplated thatwith certain molecules, high reduction in metabolism in the XTTcorrelated to good activity in the ASTM paint challenges. It iscontemplated that particular biobased additive combinations willaccelerate the rate of paint challenge killing. It is contemplated thatin-film antimicrobial activity of additives will be retained. It iscontemplated that synergistic activity of biobased additives withcurrently used biocides will occur. It is contemplated that molecularmethods will be used to facilitate development of novel biocides and forcontamination analysis.

Example 69: XTT Analysis of MIT and DMDM.

The XTT assay analysis of a bacteria tested upon contact with2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (“MIT”) at 1500, 150, 15, 1.5, 0.15 ppm or1,3-dihydroxymethyl-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (“DMDM,” “Mergal”) at 550,220, 110, 55, 22 ppm; and the increased effectiveness of biobased agentswith DMDM and MIT are shown in the Tables below.

TABLE 116A The effects of MIT alone % log reduction concentration in(log ppm) metabolism 3.18 72.98 2.18 58.17 1.18 18.57 0.18 −4.11

TABLE 116B The effects of DMDM alone % log reduction concentration in(log ppm) metabolism 2.74 80.41 2.34 70.83 2.04 65.65 1.74 58.19 1.3452.64

TABLE 116C Biobased agents in combination with DMDM and MIT 15 ppm 15ppm None DMSM MIT none 0.00 15.47 13.34 0.1 mg/ml glucose oxidase 26.3768.67 62.71 0.05 mg/ml glucose oxidase 23.09 69.49 66.49 0.005 mg/mlglucose oxidase 14.31 23.10 63.95 0.5 mg/ml AMP7 50.22 55.85 55.29 0.05mg/ml AMP7 38.20 29.07 36.80 0.005 mg/ml AMP7 18.46 15.37 28.88 0.5mg/ml lysozyme 26.98 20.61 35.16 0.2 mg/ml lysozyme 24.18 16.54 27.730.05 mg/ml lysozyme 16.90 14.93 18.27 1 mg/ml cinnamaldehyde 78.99 79.8274.88 0.5 mg/ml cinnamaldehyde 64.19 63.77 60.00 0.2 mg/mlcinnamaldehyde 44.04 56.22 55.98

In particular, synergy by combining a chemical preservative with abiobased agent is indicated, such as glucose oxidase with mergal or MIT.Both go from 20% reduction alone at 15 ppm to 70% with addition ofglucose oxidase at various concentrations (max activity G.O. alone justover 20%). It is contemplated that lower concentrations of a chemicalpreservative may be used when combined with a biobased additive.

Example 70: XTT Analysis of In Film Biobased Preservatives Against Moldsand Algae.

Individual rows of 96-well plates were painted with the above latexpaint samples and cured inverted at 60 C for 1 hr. The combination ofadditives were as follows: Combo #10=Paint A+AMP-7 0.5%+Lysozyme0.5%+Glucose Oxidase 0.05%+Alginate Lyase 0.5%; and Combo #3=PaintA+AMP-7 0.5%+Lysozyme 0.5%+Glucose Oxidase 0.05%. Harvested fungal sporesuspensions or fresh cultures of algae were added to cured, coated wellwith either M9 media (fungi) or AlgaGro media (algae). For A. niger 50μL M9 and 100 μL spores, for P. notatum 100 μL M9 and 50 μL spores, forC. vulgaris 100 μL AG media and 100 μL spores. TO readings (492 nm) weretaken on samples prepared in clear blank wells. Following a 20 hourincubation period at 30 C, 100 μL was transferred to clear wells of a96-well plate and 10 μL of XTT/menadione solution was added. Plates wereincubated at room temperature for 20 hours and ABS 492 readings taken,and results shown in the Table below.

TABLE 117 In Film Activity of Antimicrobial Combos Against EurkaryoticMicrobes Average % Reduction Aspergillus niger Paint A Control 0.00 #1066.95 #3 81.62 Penicillium notatum Trial 1 Paint A Control 0.00 #10100.34 #3 100.29 Penicillium notatum Trial 1 Paint A Control 0.00 #10107.47 #3 111.79 Chorella vulgaris Paint A Control 0.00 #10 31.43 #345.23

Example 71: Anti-Viral Coating Composition

Experimentation was conducted using a surrogate enveloped bacterialvirus characterized by having a lipid-rich viral membrane envelope. Theselected surrogate enveloped bacterial virus was φ6 bacteriophage at asolution of approximately 1.5×10⁸ PFU/mL (Plaque Forming Units) of Y6 insterile distilled deionized water. Two bio-based additives were assessedfor their efficacy in neutralizing activity of the φ6 bacteriophage—anenzyme capable of breaking the ester linkages of lipids and anantimicrobial peptide capable of disrupting microbial membranes.

Microscope slides were coated with an artist brush with a readilyavailable 1K polyurethane clearcoat (i.e., MinWax Brand water-basedpolyurethane having an oil-modified polyurethane dispersion resin) withand without the following bioadditive(s): lipase (i.e., Bio-Cat 200,000Federation Internationale Pharmaceutique Units/g), or a seven-amino acidantimicrobial peptide (i.e., AMP7 having sequence FRLKFHI as synthesizedby 21^(st) Century Biochemicals), or a combination of both the lipaseand the antimicrobial peptide. The bioadditives were each added to theclearcoat and rolled with milling beads for 30 minutes. Lipase was at aconcentration within the clearcoat of 1.5% total solids and AMP-7 at aconcentration within the clearcoat of 3% total solids. The clearcoat is30% total solids, such that the lipase was added in an amount of 4.5 mgper gram of clearcoat and the antimicrobial peptide was added in anamount of 9 mg per gram of clearcoat.

A 1-hour exposure of the phage particles was allowed on the coatedsurfaces. The phage particles were delivered onto the coated microscopeslides in a 10 ul drop via a micropipette to simulate a cough or sneezeby an infective patient. Although the exact size of the base of the dropis dependent on surface tension and volume of liquid, it is estimatedthat the size of the base of the drop was in the range of a few squaredmicrometers.

Subsequently, the particles on each surface were resuspended in 100 μlof tryptone soy broth and 10 μl of this suspension was added via amicropipette to a soft-agar overlay of a lawn of Pseudomonas syringae,known to be a susceptible host for the bacteriophage. This soft-agaroverlay was formed of 10 μL of phage suspension solution and 100 μL ofovernight P. syringae culture (25° C. in tryptic soy broth), which wasadded to 2.5 mL soft-molten (48° C.) tryptic soy agar agar (0.5%). Thenthis soft-agar overlay was poured over a solid base agar of 1.5% trypticsoy agar.

The clearcoat-only control showed under visual microscopy that 260infective enveloped virus particles were recovered (plaques). This wasthen compared to the infective particles recovered from coatingscontaining lipase where 142 plaques were recovered (45.4% reduction),AMP7 where 71 plaques were recovered (72.7% reduction), and acombination of both lipase and AMP7 where 53 plaques were recovered(79.6% reduction). See FIG. 1.

What is claimed is:
 1. A product adapted for mitigating contamination ofa surface by particles of at least a coronavirus for which an envelopedbacterial virus having a lipid-rich viral membrane envelope is abiological surrogate, wherein the product is made by a processcomprising the steps of: admixing an effective amount of an anti-viraladditive with a specified amount of a polymeric coating composition toprovide an anti-viral functionalized coating composition, wherein theanti-viral additive comprises antimicrobial peptide and lipolytic enzymeand wherein said antimicrobial peptide comprises SEQ ID NO. 40; andapplying the anti-viral functionalized coating composition on asubstrate to create an anti-viral functionalized surface thereof,wherein the effective amount of said antimicrobial peptide and thespecified amount of said lipolytic enzyme jointly cause the anti-viralfunctionalized surface to provide an additive-induced amount ofinfective particles of the biological surrogate brought into contacttherewith that is at least 70% less than a baseline amount of infectiveparticles of the biological surrogate and wherein a surface of a coatingof the polymeric coating composition on the substrate supports presenceof the baseline amount of infective particles of the biologicalsurrogate brought into contact therewith.
 2. The product made by theprocess of claim 1 wherein the infective particles of the biologicalsurrogate are infective PHI-6 bacteriophage particles.
 3. The productmade by the process of claim 1 wherein said lipolytic enzyme compriseslipase.
 4. The product made by the process of claim 3 wherein theanti-viral functionalized coating composition provides anadditive-induced amount of infective particles of the biologicalsurrogate brought into contact with the anti-viral functionalizedsurface that is at least 80% less than the baseline amount of infectiveparticles of the biological surrogate.
 5. The product made by theprocess of claim 4 wherein the infective particles of the biologicalsurrogate are infective PHI-6 bacteriophage particles.
 6. The productmade by the process of claim 3 wherein: said antimicrobial peptide ispresent within the polymeric coating composition at a concentration ofabout 3% total solids; and said lipolytic enzyme is present within thepolymeric coating composition at a concentration of about 1.5% totalsolids.
 7. The product made by the process of claim 6 wherein: saidantimicrobial peptide consists of SEQ ID NO. 40; and said lipolyticenzyme consists of lipase.
 8. The product made by the process of claim 1wherein: the infective particles of the biological surrogate areinfective PHI-6 bacteriophage particles; and said lipolytic enzymecomprises lipase.
 9. The product made by the process of claim 8 whereinthe polymeric coating composition is a water-based polyurethane.
 10. Theproduct made by the process of claim 8 wherein: said antimicrobialpeptide is present within the polymeric coating composition at aconcentration of about 3% total solids; and said lipolytic enzyme ispresent within the polymeric coating composition at a concentration ofabout 1.5% total solids.
 11. The product made by the process of claim 10wherein the anti-viral functionalized coating composition provides anadditive-induced amount of infective particles of the biologicalsurrogate brought into contact with the anti-viral functionalizedsurface that is at least 80% less than the baseline amount of infectiveparticles of the biological surrogate.
 12. The product made by theprocess of claim 1 wherein the polymeric coating composition iswater-based polyurethane.
 13. The product made by the process of claim12 wherein said lipolytic enzyme comprises lipase.
 14. The product madeby the process of claim 13 wherein the infective particles of thebiological surrogate are infective PHI-6 bacteriophage particles. 15.The product made by the process of claim 12 wherein the anti-viralfunctionalized coating composition provides an additive-induced amountof infective particles of the biological surrogate brought into contactwith the anti-viral functionalized surface that is at least 80% lessthan the baseline amount of infective particles of the biologicalsurrogate.
 16. The product made by the process of claim 12 wherein: saidantimicrobial peptide is present within the polymeric coatingcomposition at a concentration of about 3% total solids; and saidlipolytic enzyme is present within the polymeric coating composition ata concentration of about 1.5% total solids.
 17. The product made by theprocess of claim 16 wherein said lipolytic enzyme comprises lipase. 18.The product made by the process of claim 16 wherein: said antimicrobialpeptide consists of SEQ ID NO. 40; and said lipolytic enzyme consists oflipase.
 19. The product made by the process of claim 1 wherein thepolymeric coating composition comprises an oil-modified polyurethanedispersion resin.
 20. The product made by the process of claim 19wherein said lipolytic enzyme comprises lipase.
 21. The product made bythe process of claim 20 wherein the infective particles of thebiological surrogate are infective PHI-6 bacteriophage particles. 22.The product made by the process of claim 19 wherein the anti-viralfunctionalized coating composition provides an additive-induced amountof infective particles of the biological surrogate brought into contactwith the anti-viral functionalized surface that is at least 80% lessthan the baseline amount of infective particles of the biologicalsurrogate.
 23. The product made by the process of claim 19 wherein: saidantimicrobial peptide is present within the polymeric coatingcomposition at a concentration of about 3% total solids; and saidlipolytic enzyme is present within the polymeric coating composition ata concentration of about 1.5% total solids.
 24. The product made by theprocess of claim 23 wherein said lipolytic enzyme comprises lipase. 25.The product made by the process of claim 23 wherein: said antimicrobialpeptide consists of SEQ ID NO. 40; and said lipolytic enzyme consists oflipase.